136 research outputs found
Erwin Strittmatter in reference to the agarian novel of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
No full textThis study deals with two aspects of German literature: the agrarian novel from the early nineteenth century to National Socialism, and a comparison of capitalist and socialist ideology, using the works of the DDR author Erwin Strittmatter.
In the first part of the thesis, chosen works are analysed with the aim of establishing a pattern of bourgeois idealism and of tracing its development in reference to the changing historical background. The political implications of the nationalist transformation and radicalisation of the conservative agrarian ideology, which grew up as a middle-class reaction to the emergence of modern industrial Germany, are illustrated by the combination of the heroic and the idyllic in fascist literature.
The second part deals with the socialist agrarian novel, which is discussed, in the light of Marxist theory, as a departure from the conservative model, and in relation to different political ideals and objectives. Three agrarian novels of Erwin Strittmatter Ochsenkutscher, Tinko and Ole Bienkopp - are examined in detail as the basis for contrast with capitalist doctrine and for observations on the role of literature in the DDR.
The concluding chapter illustrates how, in the established East German state of the 1960's, the disregard for the demands of authority, which is a feature of Strittmatter's Ole Bienkopp, indicates a return to the traditional pattern of bourgeois idealism within the confines of socialist morality
Comparison of the release of elements from enamel into food with that into food simulants under different temperature-time conditions
No full textIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde das Freisetzungsverhalten von Elementen aus Emaille unter verschiedenen Zeit-Temperatur-Bedingungen in Lebensmittelsimulanzien mit dem in Lebensmittel verglichen. In der Emaille-Norm DIN EN ISO 4531:2022-08[1] sind die Bedingungen und Lebensmittelsimulanzien festgelegt, mit welchen Freisetzungsexperimente normgemäß durchgeführt werden. Die meisten der bislang durchgeführten Überprüfungen von emaillierten Bedarfsgegenständen folgen der Richtlinie 84/500/EWG des Europäischen Rates zu Keramik mit Lebensmittelkontakt[2] oder den Richtlinien des Europarates zu Metallen und Legierungen[3]. Die darin enthaltenen verschiedenen Simulanzien und Freisetzungsbedingungen erschweren den Vergleich der Ergebnisse. Zudem beruht die Wahl der verwendeten Simulanz nicht auf vergleichbaren Versuchen mit Lebensmitteln, sondern stammt aus Übertragungen von bestehenden Richtlinien, wie beispielsweise der 84/500/EWG oder der Verordung (EU) Nr. 10/2011 der Kommission über Materialien und Gegenstände aus Kunststoff, die dazu bestimmt sind, mit Lebensmitteln in Berührung zu kommen[4]. Um bessere Vergleichbarkeit zu schaffen und die Simulanz mit den Bedingungen zu finden, die sich am besten eignet für die Freisetzung von Elementen aus Emaille, wurden in dieser Arbeit erste Versuche unternommen, das Freisetzungsverhalten in verschiedenen Simulanzien und Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Für die Durchführung der Freisetzungsversuche wurden genormte Migrationszellen verwendet und drei aufeinanderfolgende Freisetzungen durchgeführt, um Mehrfachgebrauch zu simulieren. Als Simulanzien wurden 3%-ige Essigsäure, 0.5%-ige Zitronensäure und angesäuertes künstliches Leitungswasser verwendet und mit den Ergebnissen der Freisetzungsversuche in angesäuertem Tomatensaft und Sauerkrautsaft verglichen. Als Analyten wurden Lithium, Aluminium, Chrom, Mangan, Eisen, Cobalt, Nickel, Kupfer, Zink, Barium und Blei betrachtet, die mittels ICP-MS ausgewertet wurden. Der Vergleich der beiden verwendeten Temperatur-Zeit-Bedingungen (24 h bei 40 °C und 2 h bei 70 °C) ergab einen klaren Trend. Wie erwartet, nahm die Analytkonzentration mit den Freisetzungen ab. Zunächst schien die kühlere Bedingung (24 h bei 40 °C) die höheren Ergebnisse zu erzielen, jedoch hätten unter Annahme einer Kinetik erster Ordnung vollständig vergleichbare Ergebnisse bei 3 h bei 70 °C erzielt werden können. Demnach sind die niedrigeren Ergebnisse für die Bedingungen von 2 h bei 70 °C erwartbar. Beim Vergleich der Simulanzien mit den Lebensmitteln konnte festgestellt werden, dass das angesäuerte künstliche Leitungswasser in den meisten Fällen die Ergebnisse liefert, die am nächsten an die der Lebensmittel herankommt. In einigen Fällen zeigt sich die 3%-ige Essigsäure geeigneter. Die 0.5%-ige Zitronensäure erzielte deutlich überschätzte Ergebnisse im Vergleich zu den Lebensmitteln. Mit den durchgeführten Versuchen trägt diese Arbeit dazu bei, das Freisetzungsverhalten von Elementen aus Eaille besser zu verstehen und eine geeignete Simulanz, sowie Freisetzungsbedingung zu finden, die realistische worst-case-Szenarien imitiert und die Freisetzung der Elemente in Lebensmittel leicht überschätzt, sodass der Verbraucherschutz gewährleistet ist.Within the scope of this work, the release behaviour of elements from enamel under different time-temperature conditions into food simulants was compared with that into food. The enamel standard DIN EN ISO 4531:2022-08[1] specifies the conditions and food simulances with which release experiments are carried out. Most of the tests conducted to date on enamelled products follow the European Council Directive 84/500/EEC on food contact ceramics[2] or the Guidelines of the council of europe on metals and alloys[3]. The different simulants and release conditions contained therein make it difficult to compare the results. In addition, the choice of simulant used is not based on comparable tests with foodstuffs, but originates from transfers from existing guidelines such as 84/500/EEC or Commission Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food[4]. In order to create better comparability and to find the simulant with the conditions that are best suited for the release of elements from enamel, the release behaviour in various simulants and conditions was investigated in this work. Standardised migration cells were used to carry out the release and three migrations took place in succession to simulate multiple use. As simulants, 3% acetic acid, 0.5% citric acid and acidified artificial tap water were used and the results compared to the release experiments with acidified tomato juice and sauerkraut juice. The analysed elements were lithium, aluminium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, barium and lead, which were evaluated using ICP-MS. The comparison of the two temperature-time conditions used (24 h at 40 °C and 2 h at 70 °C) revealed a clear trend. As expected, the analyte concentration decreased in each successive migration. At first glance the cooler condition (24 h at 40 °C) surprisingly yielded higher migration levels for the investigated elements, however, assuming a first order kinetic fully comparable results would have been achieved only with 3 h at 70 °C. Thus, the lower results at 2 h, 70 °C were expectable. When comparing the simulants with the foodstuffs, it was found that in most cases the results with acidified artificial tap water came closest to those of the foodstuffs. In some cases, the 3% acetic acid resulted in more realistic migration levels. The 0.5% citric acid gives clearly overestimated results in comparison to those with food stuffs. With the experiments carried out, this work contributes to a better understanding of the release behaviour of elements from enamel and to finding a suitable simulant and release condition that mimics realistic worstcase scenarios and slightly overestimates migration into foods so that consumer protection is guaranteed
Development of novel mass spectrometric methods for the characterisation and identification of microorganisms
No full textThis study describes the development of a novel, REIMS-based characterisation and identification tool for unicellular organisms. A bipolar handheld sampling probe was optimised and characterised on several instrumental platforms before being applied to the acquisition of a large scale spectral database of bacteria and yeasts. Using this database, the specificity of the method was characterised using multivariate statistics and found to yield comparable identification results as MALDI-TOF-MS based techniques for a set of 28 clinically relevant bacterial species. Further tests were performed on sub-species level such as ribotype in case of C. difficile, serotype in case of S. pneumoniae, antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae and strain-level differentiation for E. coli. The method could be further applied to yeasts and yielded excellent results for a set of five Candida species.
To extend the range of the methodology to cell line cultures, the method was further tested for reproducibility and robustness initially using three cell lines. Subsequently, REIMS profiles were collected for the whole NCI60 cancer cell line panel and investigated for their spectral reproducibility, clustering behaviour with regards to tissue type of origin and comparison with spectra of corresponding bulk cancer tissue specimens. REIMS profiles were additionally correlated with publicly available gene and protein expression data in order to elucidate the sensitivity of this REIMS-based approach.
Finally, taxon-specific bacterial biomarkers were derived from a dataset containing 228 bacterial species by finding spectral features that show specificity for a certain phylogenetic group of bacteria. Using these markers, bacteria were detected in tissue sections of both cancerous and healthy colorectal tissue previously acquired using DESI-MSI. Findings were in good agreement with data obtained using 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based analysis and relevant literature.Open Acces
Simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging of pH, perfusion and renal filtration using hyperpolarized 13C-labelled Z-OMPD
No full textAbstract pH alterations are a hallmark of many pathologies including cancer and kidney disease. Here, we introduce [1,5-13C2]Z-OMPD as a hyperpolarized extracellular pH and perfusion sensor for MRI which allows to generate a multiparametric fingerprint of renal disease status and to detect local tumor acidification. Exceptional long T1 of two minutes at 1 T, high pH sensitivity of up to 1.9 ppm per pH unit and suitability of using the C1-label as internal frequency reference enables pH imaging in vivo of three pH compartments in healthy rat kidneys. Spectrally selective targeting of both 13C-resonances enables simultaneous imaging of perfusion and filtration in 3D and pH in 2D within one minute to quantify renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rates and renal pH in healthy and hydronephrotic kidneys with superior sensitivity compared to clinical routine methods. Imaging multiple biomarkers within a single session renders [1,5-13C2]Z-OMPD a promising new hyperpolarized agent for oncology and nephrology
Microbiome-derived carnitine mimics as previously unknown mediators of gut-brain axis communication
No full textAlterations to the gut microbiome are associated with various neurological diseases, yet evidence of causality and identity of microbiome-derived compounds that mediate gut-brain axis interaction remain elusive. Here, we identify two previously unknown bacterial metabolites 3-methyl-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate and 4-(trimethylammonio)pentanoate, structural analogs of carnitine that are present in both gut and brain of specific pathogen–free mice but absent in germ-free mice. We demonstrate that these compounds are produced by anaerobic commensal bacteria from the family Lachnospiraceae (Clostridiales) family, colocalize with carnitine in brain white matter, and inhibit carnitine-mediated fatty acid oxidation in a murine cell culture model of central nervous system white matter. This is the first description of direct molecular inter-kingdom exchange between gut prokaryotes and mammalian brain cells, leading to inhibition of brain cell function
Theater in the Planned Society
No full textThis study presents the historical development of topical drama in the German Democratic Republic from 1945 to 1975. The author investigates the sociopolitical function of both dramas and dramatists such as Karl Grünberg, Friedrich Wolf, and Erwin Strittmatter during the various transitional stages of the GDR's growth toward a socialist society. The substantive, critical study of plays, authors, productions, and dramatic theory is supplemented by a critical analysis of the Socialist Unity Party's cultural and literary policies during the GDR's turbulent history. While Western critics tend to isolate individual GDR dramas and interpret them out of context, Huettich explores in depth how the cultural policy of the GDR significantly helped shape the course of post-World War II drama in the 'planned society.
Theater in the Planned Society: Contemporary Drama in the German Democratic Republic in its Historical, Political, and Cultural Context
No full textThis study presents the historical development of topical drama in the German Democratic Republic from 1945 to 1975. The author investigates the sociopolitical function of both dramas and dramatists such as Karl Grünberg, Friedrich Wolf, and Erwin Strittmatter during the various transitional stages of the GDR's growth toward a socialist society.
The substantive, critical study of plays, authors, productions, and dramatic theory is supplemented by a critical analysis of the Socialist Unity Party's cultural and literary policies during the GDR's turbulent history. While Western critics tend to isolate individual GDR dramas and interpret them out of context, Huettich explores in depth how the cultural policy of the GDR significantly helped shape the course of post-World War II drama in the 'planned society.
Theater in the Planned Society
No full textThis study presents the historical development of topical drama in the German Democratic Republic from 1945 to 1975. The author investigates the sociopolitical function of both dramas and dramatists such as Karl Grünberg, Friedrich Wolf, and Erwin Strittmatter during the various transitional stages of the GDR's growth toward a socialist society. The substantive, critical study of plays, authors, productions, and dramatic theory is supplemented by a critical analysis of the Socialist Unity Party's cultural and literary policies during the GDR's turbulent history. While Western critics tend to isolate individual GDR dramas and interpret them out of context, Huettich explores in depth how the cultural policy of the GDR significantly helped shape the course of post-World War II drama in the 'planned society.
Abstract 5580: Preclinical pharmacodynamics and antitumor activity of AZD4635, a novel adenosine 2A receptor inhibitor that reverses adenosine mediated T cell suppression
No full textAbstract
Accumulation of extracellular adenosine within the microenvironment is a strategy exploited by tumors to escape immunosurveillance. Adenosine signaling through the high affinity adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) on immune cells elicits a range of immunosuppressive effects which can promote tumor growth and limit the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 Abs. AZD4635 (HTL-1071), an oral A2AR antagonist, binds to human A2AR with a Ki of 1.7 nM and with > 30-fold selectivity over other adenosine receptors. Accumulation of intratumoral adenosine, measured by desorption electrospray ionisation - mass spectroscopy (DESI-MS), demonstrated that adenosine levels are spatially heterogeneous in mouse syngeneic tumors, with levels varying up to 50 fold among regions of a single tumor. To assess whether AZD4635 can reverse the inhibitory effects of different concentrations of adenosine, CHO cells stably expressing human A2AR were incubated with concentrations of adenosine ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM. In the presence of 0.1, 1 and 10 μM adenosine, the IC50 of AZD4635 for inhibition of cAMP production was 0.79, 10.0 and 142.9 nM, respectively. In an ex vivo CD8+ T cell assay, AZD4635 reversed suppression and restored IFNγ secretion in cells incubated with 5’-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), a stable analog of adenosine. The therapeutic benefit of A2aR blockade was evaluated in syngeneic mouse tumor models. Inhibition of A2aR signaling led to a reduction in tumor growth alone and in combination with checkpoint inhibitors. Tumors harvested from the treated mice exhibited changes in infiltrating lymphocyte populations and increases in the functional activity of T cells. These results demonstrate that AZD4635 is a potent and selective A2aR inhibitor, and that blockade of A2aR signaling with an inhibitor such as AZD4635 can reduce tumor burden and enhance antitumor immunity. AZD4635 is currently in a Phase 1 clinical trial as a single agent and in combination with durvalumab (anti-PD-L1 Ab) in patients with solid malignancies.
Citation Format: Alexandra Borodovsky, Yanjun Wang, Minwei Ye, Joseph C. Shaw, Kris F. Sachsenmeier, Nanhua Deng, Kelly J. DelSignore, Adrian J. Fretland, James D. Clarke, Richard J. Goodwin, Nicole Strittmatter, Carl Hay, Vasu R. Sah, Deborah Lawson, Corinne Reimer, Miles Congreve, Jonathan S. Mason, Fiona H. Marshall, Paul Lyne, Richard Woessner. Preclinical pharmacodynamics and antitumor activity of AZD4635, a novel adenosine 2A receptor inhibitor that reverses adenosine mediated T cell suppression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5580. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5580</jats:p
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