49 research outputs found
IgG glycan hydrolysis by EndoS inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
No full textAbstract Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, have shown that B cells markedly influence the course of the disease, although whether their effects are protective or pathological is a matter of debate. EndoS hydrolysis of the IgG glycan has profound effects on IgG effector functions, such as complement activation and Fc receptor binding, suggesting that the enzyme could be used as an immunomodulatory therapeutic agent against IgG-mediated diseases. We demonstrate here that EndoS has a protective effect in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide amino acid 35–55 (MOG35-55)-induced EAE, a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) in which humoral immune responses are thought to play only a minor role. EndoS treatment in chronic MOG35-55-EAE did not impair encephalitogenic T cell priming and recruitment into the CNS of mice, consistent with a primary role of EndoS in controlling IgG effector functions. In contrast, reduced EAE severity coincided with poor serum complement activation and deposition within the spinal cord, suggesting that EndoS treatment impairs B cell effector function. These results identify EndoS as a potential therapeutic agent against antibody-mediated CNS autoimmune disorders.</p
Transforming growth factor-beta 1-producing regulatory B cells limit the induction phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation
No full textStimulated T cells generate microparticles, which mimic cellular contact activation of human monocytes: differential regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by high-density lipoproteins.
No full textImbalance in cytokine homeostasis plays an important part in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. We demonstrated that T cells might exert a pathological effect through direct cellular contact with human monocytes/macrophages, inducing a massive up-regulation of the prototypical proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF. This mechanism that might be implicated in chronic inflammation is specifically inhibited by high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Like many other stimuli, besides proinflammatory cytokines, the contact-mediated activation of monocytes induces the production of cytokine inhibitors such as the secreted form of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1Ra). The present study demonstrates that stimulated T cells generate microparticles (MP) that induce the production of TNF, IL-1beta, and sIL-1Ra in human monocytes; the production of TNF and IL-1beta but not that of sIL-1Ra is inhibited in the presence of HDL. The results were similar when monocytes were stimulated by whole membranes of T cells or soluble extracts of the latter. This suggests that MP carry similar monocyte-activating factors to cells from which they originate. Thus, by releasing MP, T cells might convey surface molecules similar to those involved in the activation of monocytes by cellular contact. By extension, MP might affect the activity of cells, which are usually not in direct contact with T cells at the inflammatory site. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that HDL exert an anti-inflammatory effect in nonseptic activation of human monocytes, not only by inhibiting the production of IL-1beta and TNF but also, by leaving sIL-1Ra production unchanged
Phenotypes, Origins and Functions of Regulatory B Cells in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases
No full textThe ability of B cells to stimulate T cell–mediated immune responses through antigen presentation, co–stimulation and cytokine production has attracted great attention due to its significance for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Nowadays, observations from a number of experimental approaches as well as in patients with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases have equally emphasized a significant function for B cells in maintaining immune homeostasis through maintenance of tolerance and prevention of unrestrained inflammation. Whereas studies by many investigators have started to identify the key mechanisms and molecules that support these processes, further effort is necessary to comprehend the diversity of regulatory B cell subsets and the cues that prompt their fate as regulatory versus proinflammatory. In this review I summarize the latest knowledge on the phenotypic and functional characteristics of different regulatory B cell populations, the cues that orchestrate their induction, and their potential therapeutic relevance
Production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes : regulation and signaling
No full textLes tissus vivants répondent aux agressions par l'inflammation qui élimine les agents préjudiciables et initie la guérison des tissus lésés. Les dérèglements de l'inflammation entraînent des pathologies (polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR), sclérose en plaques (SEP)). Les cytokines pro- (TNF, IL-1ß) et anti-inflammatoires (sIL-1Ra), peuvent jouer des rôles salutaires ou délétères dans l'inflammation aiguë/physiologique ou chronique/pathologique. Dans l'inflammation chronique (PR, SEP) les cytokines sont induites par le contact cellulaire direct des monocytes/macrophages avec les lymphocytes T stimulés. Ce travail de thèse a démontré: 1) que l'interaction CD40L-CD40 n'était pas impliquée dans ce mécanisme; 2) que l'IFNß (traitement de la SEP et la PR) orientait les monocytes vers une fonction anti-inflammatoire dans des conditions d'inflammation chronique, mais pas aiguë ; 3) que l'activation des P13Ks contrôlaient la transcription de sIL-1Ra par les monocytes quel que soit l'activateur ; et 4) que les P13Ks réprimaient la sécrétion d'IL-1ß dans l'inflammation stérile ou infectieuse
Glatiramer acetate treatment negatively regulates type I interferon signaling
No full textObjectiveGlatiramer acetate (GA; Copaxone), a disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS), promotes development of anti-inflammatory (M2, type II) monocytes that can direct differentiation of regulatory T cells. We investigated the innate immune signaling pathways that participate in GA-mediated M2 monocyte polarization.MethodsMonocytes were isolated from myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-deficient, Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon (IFN)-β (TRIF)-deficient, IFN-α/β receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1)-deficient, and wild-type (WT) mice and human peripheral blood. GA-treated monocytes were stimulated with Toll-like receptor ligands, then evaluated for activation of kinases and transcription factors involved in innate immunity, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. GA-treated mice were evaluated for cytokine secretion and susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.ResultsGA-mediated inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes occurred independently of MyD88 and nuclear factor-κB, but was blocked by TRIF deficiency. Furthermore, GA did not provide clinical benefit in TRIF-deficient mice. GA inhibited activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, an upstream regulator of activating transcription factor (ATF)-2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, which regulates IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Consequently, nuclear translocation of ATF-2 and IRF3, components of the IFN-β enhanceosome, was impaired. Consistent with these observations, GA inhibited production of IFN-β in vivo in WT mice, but did not modulate proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes from IFNAR1-deficient mice.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that GA inhibits the type I IFN pathway in M2 polarization of monocytes independently of MyD88, providing an important mechanism connecting innate and adaptive immune modulation in GA therapy and valuable insight regarding its potential use with other MS treatments
B cell-derived transforming growth factor-β1 expression limits the induction phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation
No full textStudies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS), have shown that regulatory B cells modulate the course of the disease via the production of suppressive cytokines. While data indicate a role for transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression in regulatory B cell functions, this mechanism has not yet been tested in autoimmune neuroinflammation. Transgenic mice deficient for TGF-β1 expression in B cells (B-TGF-β1-/-) were tested in EAE induced by recombinant mouse myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rmMOG). In this model, B-TGF-β1-/- mice showed an earlier onset of neurologic impairment compared to their littermate controls. Exacerbated EAE susceptibility in B-TGF-β1-/- mice was associated with augmented CNS T helper (Th)1/17 responses. Moreover, selective B cell TGF-β1-deficiency increased the frequencies and activation of myeloid dendritic cells, potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), suggesting that B cell-derived TGF-β1 can constrain Th1/17 responses through inhibition of APC activity. Collectively our data suggest that B cells can down-regulate the function of APCs, and in turn encephalitogenic Th1/17 responses, via TGF-β1, findings that may be relevant to B cell-targeted therapies.</p
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Limits Autoimmune Neuroinflammation via Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper Expression in Dendritic Cells
No full textAutoimmune neuroinflammation, including multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a prototype for T cell-mediated autoimmunity, is believed to result from immune tolerance dysfunction leading to demyelination and substantial neurodegeneration. We previously showed that CNS-restricted expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a potent neuroprotective factor, reduced CNS inflammation and clinical deficits associated with EAE. In this study, we demonstrate that systemic HGF treatment ameliorates EAE through the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) with high expression levels of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), a transcriptional repressor of gene expression and a key endogenous regulator of the inflammatory response. RNA interference-directed neutralization of GILZ expression by DCs suppressed the induction of tolerance caused by HGF. Finally, adoptive transfer of HGF-treated DCs from wild-type but not GILZ gene-deficient mice potently mediated functional recovery in recipient mice with established EAE through effective modulation of autoaggressive T cell responses. Altogether, these results show that by inducing GILZ in DCs, HGF reproduces the mechanism of immune regulation induced by potent immunomodulatory factors such as IL-10, TGF-β1, and glucocorticoids and therefore that HGF therapy may have potential in the treatment of autoimmune dysfunctions
From cellular receptors to transduction–transcription pathways for cytokines: at which level should the inhibition be targeted in inflammation?
No full textCell contact dependence of inflammatory events Danielle Burger, Jean-Michel Dayer and Nicolas Molnarfi
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