65 research outputs found
Interview with Alfred Godin by Thomas Goettel, November 12, 1999
No full textOral history interview with Alfred Godin. Thomas Goettel as interviewer.1
INTERVIEW WITH ALFRED GODIN
BY THOMAS GOETTEL NOVEMBER 12,1999
MR. GOETTEL: It’s November 12, 1999 and we are in Al Godin’s house in Leominster,
Massachusetts. I am Tom Goettel from the Regional office in Hadley, Massachusetts.
We have had a little trouble with the tape recorder here, so we are going to try this from
step one. Al, I know that your are a Korean War veteran, and you were in the Navy.
What ship were you on?
MR. GODIN: Yes. In Korean I was on the Princeton. That is a CV type Aircraft
Carrier. It was an Essex class, World War II, carrier.
MR. GOETTEL: And you got out on the Navy in 1956?
MR. GODIN: No. Well, maybe it was close to 1956. The reason I left the Navy was
that I had the opportunity to go to school under the GI Bill. Under this program the
government paid for tuition and books and various lab fees plus seventy-five dollars a
month for subsistence. I staid there for four years, and graduated with a BS, and
subsequently went to work with Louisiana Fish and Wildlife as a Fishery Biologist. But
my desire, or my love was in wildlife management. From there in Louisiana, I went to
school and got my Master’s at the University of Massachusetts, and then went to work
with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a Fishery Biologist in Sandy Hook, New
Jersey.
MR. GOETTEL: What did you do at Sandy Hook?
MR. GODIN: As a Fishery Biologist I did mostly survey work, asking fisherman what
kind of lures they were using for sport fishing. We had to be able to visualize the type of
lure that he described, and ask him how many hours that he worked or fished for different
types of fish. It was mainly survey type work.
MR. GOETTEL: What is salt water or fresh water fishing, or both?
MR. GODIN: Only salt water, along the Atlantic coast. I wanted to go into wildlife, and
from there, I transferred to Denver Wildlife Research Center doing bio-essay work. This
involved testing chemical candidates to learn the feasibility of control [unintelligible] for
certain small animals like [Latin name-sounds like Microbial specie] that caused
problems for or the destruction of crops and agricultural things like shrubs and trees and
things like that. Then I transferred to Patuxent Wildlife Research in Migratory Bird
Population Station. There I was working with the [unintelligible]. We went to four areas
in the country to determine the size and the composition of the bird species by age and
sex. We also work on the criteria of determining the age of Canada Geese by the
examination of tail feathers. From there I went to work for the Division of Wildlife
Services in Region 5. My station was New Jersey, Delaware and Long Island, NY. I
focused mainly on the problems of, and hazards caused by bird populations at airports.
Most of my time was spent in New Jersey with the airport work. The other problem that
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we had in New Jersey with the environment was a Canada goose problem. We studied
these so called non-migratory geese, because they were born and staid all of their lives in
the northeast area. They caused problems on golf courses and in a few other areas. Some
of them were called “pests” because of the amount of droppings found on people’s lawns
and places like that. Then they were the government’s problem. But when they were
cute, they belonged to the people. That was a management problem. Southern states
wanted these birds to reintroduce them to the southern states where this species of bird
migrated to for the winter. It appears that the northeast was a stopgap that stopped the
population. The population has grown to where they are now considered to be pests.
They also caused problems at airports because of their large size, and sometimes their
numbers. They might land on an airport during migration, or moving back and forth
from a feeding area to a roost site. That is just a quick sketch of the Canada goose
problem.
MR. GOETTEL: You became a fairly well known authority on bird-aircraft strike
problems didn’t you? It seemed like you were going all over the place, at one point in
time, on consultations and F.A.A. sponsored trips. Tell me a little about that. I know that
you have worked in Alaska on Bald Eagles and Canada Geese.
MR. GODIN: The three trips to Alaska were funded by the F.A.A. because they had
different problems up there. At Anchorage International Airport they had a problem with
the Canada Geese. These were birds that were being hunted along the river and they
would seek the airport as a refuge. They were not really conditioned to the aircraft traffic
so they had some aircraft collisions. There was one instance where a People’s Republic
of China aircraft stuck Geese and caused a problem with the aircraft, so they had to abort
the aircraft and repair it. This was shortly after the time that President Nixon
reestablished the cooperation and good friendship with the Chinese. That was one of the
problems up there. Other, southern airports had problems with Bald Eagles perching in
trees. What these birds would do was watch and wait for the Salmon migration. Then
they would fly from the trees to pick up fish. Sometimes they would cross an airport
runway where an aircraft would be approaching or departing. The problem there was
rather easy to solve.
MR. GOETTEL: How did you solve it there?
MR. GODIN: Well, the birds were using the trees for perching and making their
observations. So I recommended that we remove the trees. It was a simple thing to do.
Right there, the birds needed some place to look down from for the fish, if you don’t
provide them with that, they will go elsewhere.
MR. GOETTEL: How about the Canada Geese? What did you recommend for them?
MR. GODIN: With the Canada Geese the problem was the gulls on the runway, and the
tarmac. Some of the information that I gave them was this so called “food, water and
shelter” which are the three attractions to many animals that inhabit or use an airport for a
short time. It was decided to use the shell crackers. This was to find the birds, but also,
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whoever is going to be shooting shell crackers would do it alone. And they used certain
automobiles to educate the birds that “here comes this automobile that is going to bother
us”. Sometimes, when the problem is really serious, we had to provide the airport with a
Federal Depredation permit. This regulates how many birds can be taken and so forth.
It is not a permit to have a good time and kill geese.
MR. GOETTEL: I know that at J.F.K., and at Newark you worked on Gull problems that
they had there? Tell me a little about that. What did you do there?
MR GODIN: These airports like LaGuardia, Kennedy and Newark were located on the
shores of the Atlantic coast on marginal land. At one time the cities had to have a place
to dump their garbage. They dumped it on these marginal land areas, and then created
airports. So these two entities were real close together. The dumps attracted the birds for
feeding, and then they would use the airport for resting, and digesting their food. They
would be moving back and forth, and in doing so they caused a hazard to the aircraft on
takeoff and landing. We provided techniques to these airports on how to control the
birds, mainly by non-lethal methods. If that didn’t work, then they could use lethal
measures according to what was written in the permit. The permit never said that they
could go out and kill birds. It’s up to the airport management or the operations
department instructions. So that’s where I came in and provided workshops for the
people in Operations, and involved in controlling the birds. It was like, “Do this, and
don’t do that”, and so forth. Periodically, I would go out with some of these Operations
people and I would examine what they were doing, and if they were doing it right.
MR. GOETTEL: You were in New Jersey, I know, for sixteen years, down in Trenton,
New Jersey. It seems that during that period in time Canada Geese went from being a
real attractive or desirable species to being a pest species. That is a real tragedy to see
something like that happen isn’t it?
MR. GODIN: Yeah. The problem there started there, I think in the 1920s. Originally
the birds, and when I say ‘birds’, I am talking about Canada Geese, they flew down on
their migration from some place in the Hudson Bay, or Jane’s Bay, using the Atlantic
Flyway. They went as far south as southern Florida. Some of them went to Texas and
down in that area. That was the way it was for a long, long time. Then man came along
and started building communities, and this and that. They have nice, green beautiful
lawns and all of that “pretty” crap. I shouldn’t be talking like that. This attracted the
birds to their lawns and golf courses and things like that. In addition, you could not hunt
the birds and in some places in New Jersey, you can’t even hunt in a Township. Their
excuse is, “No discharge of firearms”. So the birds can sense, in a way, that they are not
being harmed and so that’s where they stay. It’s like survival for anybody. You’re not
going in an area that might cause you a lot of harm. You stay away from it. Some of the
southern states wanted these “nuisance” Canada Geese, that’s what we used to call them.
I don’t know what they call them now. But they used to come up for the Round Ups.
These occurred in the middle of June, usually during the third week of June. This was
the time when adults molted their primary feathers, and the young birds or goslings were
growing their primaries [feathers]. So the birds were unable to fly at that time. We went
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to several places where there were large numbers of these geese, and the southern states
took these birds to their states in order to provide the birds a “nitch” where there used to
be hunted. I don’t want to say “hunting” but mainly that was all.
MR. GOETTEL: Now, I know that you are a native of Fitchburg, Massachusetts which
is the next town over, from where we are now. And that you have had a life long interest
in New England, and one of the things that I don’t think a lot of people in the Fish and
Wildlife Service know, is that you’re the author and illustrator of The Wild Mammals of
New England book which is to me an incredible book, because not only is it illustrated in
pencil sketches of all of the mammals of New England, but it also has a lot of natural
history and biographical information about them. I guess “biographical” is the wrong
word, but it has a lot of information on the animals habits and food and so on. How did
you get involved in taking a project like that on? That’s quite a project, to do something
like that.
MR GODIN: I am always interested in wildlife. I was always that way. I found out that
there was not much literature on the wild mammals of New England. Some of the things
that were out there were special reports, but there was not one book that would indicate
what the mammals were, and about their distribution, or lives, or habitat and where they
were found and all of that. So this was mainly to impart the knowledge of some of these
animals that occurred in New England. It took a long time. Mainly this book is a
compilation of other people’s work. And that is sited in the book anyway. But my main
contribution was that I examined about twenty-two thousand specimen of mammals that
are found in museums. To site a few: I went to the National Natural History Museum in
Washington, D.C. and looked at all of those mammals that were from New England. I
plotted these on maps, as far as their distribution. I got the measurements and weights of
these. And I went up as far north as Orono, Maine and looked at the species there they
had in the museum. I looked at all of the states in between as well. That is my main
contribution; where they were found at that time, and mainly which counties and the
numbers that were taken. One thing that I really learned from this was the marine
mammals such as Whales and Seals that occur along the coast of New England. Some of
them would become stranded on land. So I have information on those. I some
information from the New Bedford Whaling Museum, and again, the National Natural
History Museum in Washington, D.C. and elsewhere.
MR. GOETTEL: That is an absolutely remarkable book, and I hope that it is in every
National Wildlife Refuge office in the northeast anyway, because it’s just a beautiful,
beautiful book.
MR. GODIN: Yeah, I mean, my focus and mission about was to impart knowledge, and
tell the people that we have wild animals and they are here for us too, and so forth. So
we shouldn’t go out and indiscriminately kill them. The press asked me, after the book
came out, to write an update, and a new book. I couldn’t it because I was getting too old,
and it’s like “backtracking”. You know, you do something, and then move on. One of
the things that I moved on to was; my age was catching up to me and it was time to retire.
But all in all, I had a great time with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and if I had to do
it again, I would do it.
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MR. GOETTEL: You were talking about ten years ago, at age sixty-two.
MR. GODIN: [joking] No, that was fifty-two! You work that out!
MR. GOETTEL: O. K., age thirty-two!
MR. GODIN: Yeah, I like that one! That’s better!
MR. GOETTEL: Tell us what you got into then. How you spent your retirement years.
MR. GODIN: Believe it or not, Whales. I got fascinated with Whales when I wrote the
book, Wild Mammals of New England. I saw that these animals were found along the
coast, always migrating and moving along the coast, and some of them became stranded.
So they were mammals of New England. And it’s mainly because they are gentle
animals, they don’t go out and kill anybody, or attack this and that. That’s a lot of
bullshit, about the Moby Dick thing. I just liked the Whales, and that was my
introduction to them when I was writing the book. And after I retired, I still loved
wildlife and I decided; don’t be offended, Fish and Wildlife Service, but I think I had
enough about the birds and decided to go for the Whales, and try something new. The
Whales are closely related to me because they are Mammals. And sometimes, I might
look like a Whale. What I have been doing was researching anything I could find about
the different species of the large Whales, especially those that are endangered. I kept
doing research about it, and I met a lot of people who are also researching Whales, and
they helped me out a lot. I have a couple that I have done in bronze.
MR. GOETTEL: So you have spent the last ten years or so, or almost ten years sculpting
Whales. I know that we have gone through the process here today about how you about
it. It’s quite an involved process, how you go from the raw clay to the finished bronze.
This tape will eventually end up in our Archives at our National Conservation Training
Center in Shepherdstown, West Virginia. Maybe at some point in time you could have a
display there of some of your sculptures. [Stumbled on the word sculptures]
I am starting to talk like you, after all afternoon here! [Joking]
MR. GODIN: It’s that good?
MR. GOETTEL: They are absolutely beautiful. They are incredible! You think that
the Whale is sitting right there in your living room. I am looking at a Sperm Whale and
Blue Whale. I’ve never seen a Sperm Whale. I have been fortunate enough to see Blue
Whales, and Humpback, and some of the other ones. But these things are just incredibly
accurate, and just absolutely beautiful works of art.
MR. GODIN: Well thanks!
MR. GOETTEL: I know that now you are working with the New Bedford Whaling
Museum, where they are assembling a skeleton of the Blue Whale.
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MR. GODIN: Yeah, it’s a young Blue Whale that was stranded in Massachusetts. I
think that the U. S. Department of Commerce has helped by funding, in addition to the
New Bedford Whaling Museum. In that new wing, there will be a skeleton of a young
Blue Whale that beached itself on the Massachusetts coast. The New Bedford Whaling
Museum, when I brought my Blue Whale there, last night. One of my friends was giving
a speech on Blue Whales. He has been researching Blue Whales for years, and he is well
known about it. But as a result, when the Museum saw the sculpted Blue Whale they
asked me if I would display it along with their Blue Whale skeleton, which may be on
exhibition by July 4, 2000. I said it would be O.K. Mainly, it’s because they want to
show what a Blue Whale looks like with the skin on, compared to the skeleton. One
thing leads to another, and it keeps me happy. Although I liked the Fish and Wildlife
Service, I’m telling you now, retirement is great! [Laughing]
MR. GOETTEL: So, you’ve had a whole new career, I think since you retired almost.
It’s just incredible. What are some of your most memorable experiences in the Fish and
Wildlife Service? When you look back, what do you think about?
MR. GODIN: I guess it’s the airport work. I always liked to be at the airports. I had
access, working with the Operations people. There would be times when my bosses, I
had a lot of bosses, they would say, “I’d like to come down”. And I would say, “Come
on down”. He would tell me what airport he would be coming in to, and on what flight.
I always liked to be at the airport maybe an hour before he arrived. That way I would
have a place to park, and all of that. But mainly it was to look at the people that are
getting ready to fly, and people coming off of the aircraft. It’s the human behavior about
this that I enjoyed watching. And I would say to myself “Well, at least we’ve got a safe
flight that came in”. That led me to believe that I was going my part in preventing the
birds from colliding with aircraft, with all of these happy people coming in. That, right
there; if I had to do it all over again, I would do the airport thing, because of the public
safety. That’s about all.
There was some things that I didn’t care too much about. The Fish and Wildlife
Service. Especially some of the jobs, but overall, I am glad that I staid with the Service.
It was a good place. And I met a lot of good people too, a lot of them. We had some
good times, and we had some bad times but that goes with life.
MR. GOETTEL: I think that one of the tragedies about animal damage control, or
wildlife assistance was when it went to the Department of Agriculture. And I say,
tragedy, because we were all part of a family it seemed. We all worked very close
together. Even though I was in Refuges, I was working with you guys all of the time it
seemed. You guys were Field Biologists, and it’s hard to get, fifteen years later, it’s so
hard to find good Field Biologists that have good, practical experience. Speaking for
myself, I really hated to see that part of the Fish and Wildlife Service get transferred
away. Because the fact of the matter is that we just didn’t work that closely any more. I
mean, we did, but it was a little bit different I think.
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MR. GODIN: Yeah, that’s right. Working as a biologist, whether a field biologist or an
office biologist, we were really dedicated. I know that some people might that that is
bullshit, but we were. And as you interview other people you will see how the puzzle fits
together to have a nice organization. I had a good time. I hope that at least, I helped
other people. Not only the birds or mammals or whatever, but it’s the people.
MR. GOETTEL: After sixteen years in New Jersey you spent about six months in the
Regional office, I guess, or four months in the Regional office. Then you transferred up
to Augusta, Maine as the Wildlife Assistance Field Biologist-State Director in Maine.
MR. GODIN: One of the problems that I first heard about in Maine was about the
Canada Geese and Blueberries. These are the low-bush Blueberries that occur in Maine.
What the Canada Geese would do was just walk into the bush and eat the Blueberries.
But as they were doing this, they would trample over the low bushes, and a lot of the
berries fell off onto the ground. This would cause an economic hardship for the
Blueberry growers. They phoned me and asked me what they could do. I said that they
could use the shell crackers. And if it became evident that the problem was not
improving, I would investigate it a little more, and make bird observations to see what
they were really doing. That’s how we solved the problem of Canada goose depredation
of Blueberries, at least when I was there, just by using shell crackers. They were really
worried about people, much more than Gulls would be.
MR. GOETTEL: You worked on Cormorants I think too, didn’t you, up there?
MR. GODIN: Yes. One of the problems that the State Fish and Game had was the
Atlantic salmon depredation with the Double Crested Cormorant. In Maine there is at
least one Fish and Wildlife Service hatchery that grows these Atlantic salmon. They
release them as smelt. This is up in the Penobscot River. Then the fish would migrate
down to the ocean, and be on their way to return, and then, go back south. So, the
Cormorant was causing depredation. They were eating a lot of the smelts. Nobody made
an assessment of how much that the birds were eating, or if it was a natural mortality of
the fish, or if the birds were taking more of these fishes. What we did when we were
working the State Atlantic Salmon Commission and the State Fish and Game
Commission was to work on the upper and lower Penobscot River, collecting the
Starlings. We divided these into certain areas, like A, B, and C, and so forth. With the
Cormorants that we got, we did crop seed, and
Unworthiness to inherit in the Polish law of succession
No full textRozprawa poświęcona została zagadnieniu niegodności dziedziczenia, w ujęciu prawa cywilnego materialnego i procesowego. Autor zaprezentował w niej poglądy doktryny i judykatury a także własne przemyślenia dotyczące przedmiotowej kwestii. Niegodność dziedziczenia wprowadza do polskiego prawa spadkowego instrument pozwalający na dokonanie oceny moralnej osoby otrzymującej korzyść ze śmierci innej osoby fizycznej, poprzez wyeliminowanie sytuacji, w których dziedziczenie, czy też otrzymanie innej korzyści majątkowej ze spadku przez określonego beneficjenta byłoby w powszechnym odczuciu niesprawiedliwe, niesłuszne, czy wręcz niemoralne. Instytucja ta pozwala sądowi na szerokie kształtowanie kręgu spadkobierców (beneficjentów spadku). Ingerencja sądu w krąg dziedziców jest tutaj szeroka i pozwala wyłączyć od dziedziczenia każdego, kto dziedziczyłby po spadkodawcy (sukcesja uniwersalna) albo otrzymał inną korzyść ze spadku będącą skutkiem zastosowania przez ustawodawcę sukcesji syngularnej (np. w postaci zapisów), a dopuścił się zachowań obiektywnie nieprawidłowych, które da się zakwalifikować do którejś z enumeratywnie wymienionych przez ustawodawcę podstaw niegodności dziedziczenia. Sformułowane w rozprawie postulaty de lege lata i de lege ferenda dotyczą głównie problematyki: modelu niegodności dziedziczenia, podstaw orzeczenia niegodności dziedziczenia, skutków niegodności dziedziczenia, charakteru prawnego powództwa oraz wyroku w przedmiocie niegodności dziedziczenia, interesu w powództwie o niegodność dziedziczenia, terminów ograniczających możliwość żądania orzeczenia niegodności.The dissertation focuses on the question of the unworthiness to inherit in substantive and procedural civil law. The author presents here some views which are reflected in the doctrine and in judicial decisions as well as his own opinions on this issue. The institution of the unworthiness to inherit introduces into the Polish law of succession an instrument which allows for evaluating the morals of the person who benefits from the death of another natural person by eliminating such situations when it would be generally perceived as unfair, unjust or even immoral for a certain beneficiary to inherit or in some other way participate in the estate of the decedent. This instrument gives the court a significant influence on who becomes an heir (a beneficiary of the estate). The court’s right to interfere with inheritance is quite substantial here and allows for excluding any person from inheriting after a testator (universal succession) or receiving a share in the estate by way of singular succession (e.g. in the form of a devise) if the conduct of such person can be objectively assessed as improper and qualified as one of the statutory grounds to declare a person unworthy to inherit. De lege lata and de lege ferenda proposals formulated in the dissertation refer mainly to the following issues: the model of the unworthiness to inherit, the grounds for the unworthiness to inherit, the effects of the unworthiness to inherit, the legal character of the lawsuit and the judgment declaring a person unworthy to inherit, the locus standi in the lawsuit to declare a person unworthy to inherit, deadlines for filing a motion to declare an heir unworthy to inherit.Wydział Praw
Postoperative visual loss following cerebral arteriovenous malformation surgery: a case report [v1; ref status: indexed, http://f1000r.es/2pl]
No full textWe report the case of a 46 year-old woman presenting with postoperative visual loss in the right eye after craniotomy for excision of an arteriovenous malformation. The intraoperative course was uneventful with hemodynamic stability and maintenance of blood pressure within 10% of the preoperative value. Blood loss was 300 ml; postoperative hemoglobin was 12.4 g/dl. In the recovery room, the ophthalmologic examination revealed decreased visual acuity, color vision, and visual field in the right eye. Assessment of the retina was normal, but the patient showed a relative afferent pupillary defect consistent with the clinical diagnosis of ischemic optic neuropathy. Anesthesiologists should be aware that this condition may follow uncomplicated intracranial surgeries in the supine position, and should obtain prompt ophthalmologic consultation when patients develop postoperative visual loss
An endemic omnivorous predator for control of greenhouse pests
No full textBook Description "Biological control: a global perspective": This book contains 45 chapters divided into four sections, i.e. classical biocontrol programmes, inundative (or augmentative) biocontrol programmes (using nematodes, bacteria, fungi and viruses), conservation biocontrol programmes and networking in biocontrol. It describes the personal experiences of scientists from the initial search for suitable control agents against weeds and pests, to the release of these biological control agents into ecosystems and finally to the beneficial outcomes demonstrating the success of biological control across diverse agroecosystems. This book is intended for researchers and students interested in crop science, pest management, biotechnology, ecology and policy analysis.
Book chapter: Generalist natural enemies can be key members of biological control programmes. We believe that importation of generalist natural enemies for biological control should be avoided, and that endemic natural enemies should be used instead. We summarize our progress developing a generalist mirid, Dicyphus hesperus, for biological control in greenhouse tomato crops. Our success in locating a generalist mirid which can fill a niche in protected culture illustrates the potential for such approaches. This predator satisfies four of five preconditions that we set when we started the project and could potentially be used successfully as part of biological control programmes in greenhouses in North America.book chapterPublished
Conversion between the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Mini-Mental Status Examination.
No full textBACKGROUND
Early and accurate detection of cognitive changes using simple tools is essential for an appropriate referral to a more detailed neurocognitive assessment and for the implementation of therapeutic strategies. The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are two commonly used psychometric tests for cognitive screening. Both tests have different strengths and weaknesses. Preferences regarding test selection may therefore differ among clinicians. The aim of this retrospective observational cohort study was to define corresponding scores for the MMSE and the MoCA.
METHODS
We examined the relationship between the cognitive screening tests in 803 German-speaking Memory Clinic outpatients, encompassing a wide range of neurocognitive disorders. We produced a conversion table using the equipercentile equating method with log-linear smoothing. In addition, we conducted a systematic review of existing MMSE-MoCA conversions to create a table allowing for the conversion of MoCA scores into MMSE scores and vice versa using the weighted mean method.
RESULTS
The Memory Clinic sample showed that the prediction of MMSE to MoCA was overall less accurate compared to the conversion from MoCA to MMSE. The 19 studies included after thorough literature search showed that MoCA scores were consistently lower than MMSE scores. Eleven of 19 conversion studies had addressed the conversion of the MoCA to the MMSE, while two studies converted MMSE to MoCA scores. Another six studies applied bi-directional conversions. We provide an easy-to-use table covering the entire range of scores and taking into account all currently existing conversion formulas.
CONCLUSION
The comprehensive MMSE-MoCA conversion table enables a direct comparison of cognitive test scores at screening examinations and over the course of disease in patients with neurocognitive disorders
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