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Informatics for Integrated Malaria Elimination Strategy in Cambodia
Get PDFIntroduction
Malaria is a serious disease caused by parasites that are transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, but it is preventable and treatable. The symptoms of malaria can include fever, headache, chills, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle aches.
In Cambodia, the number of malaria cases has declined significantly in recent years. In 2011, there were approximately 100,000 cases, but by 2022, the number had dropped to just 4,053. This decline is due to a number of factors, including the expansion of the Village Malaria Worker (VMW) program, the detection of artemisinin resistance, and the ratification of the National Strategy for Malaria Elimination (NSP 2011-2025).
The Malaria Surveillance System is a critical tool for tracking the progress of malaria elimination efforts in Cambodia. In 2017, the system was enhanced with the launch of a Malaria Mobile Surveillance Application. This application allows healthcare staff and VMWs to report data in real-time, which helps to improve the accuracy and timeliness of surveillance data. In key findings 3 and 4 of the Health Information Systems for Malaria section of An Assessment of Donor Transition Readiness and Budget Advocacy Opportunities document, it is highlighted that a malaria information system (MIS) is a high-quality surveillance system that encompasses all the necessary functionalities required for an effective malaria elimination program.
This thesis explores how a "real-time malaria surveillance system and stratification methodology" that provides immediate and continuous data on malaria cases and trends can lead to efficiency gains in malaria elimination activities in Cambodia. By identifying the key drivers of efficiency in streamlining data collection, analysis, and decision-making, the research aims to demonstrate how optimizing these practices can improve coordination, resource allocation, and response strategies, ultimately contributing to more effective malaria control and eradication efforts in Cambodia.
Specifically, the author developed a new stratification methodology and helped to implement a novel mobile phone-based case reporting system.
Method
The malaria stratification exercise built in Cambodia by combining detailed case data with other factors, such as village location, population demographics, and forest cover. This helps to identify areas with high malaria risk, so that interventions can be targeted more effectively. The mobile application and web-based of Malaria Information System (MIS) were developed by the National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM) and funding from the Global Fund. The mobile application is designed for the Android operating system, which is widely used by Village Malaria Workers (VMWs) and health facility staff in Cambodia. The malaria information system (MIS) is designed for running on the web browser, it’s used for higher level such as national, civil society organization, provincial and districts levels.
Both mobile application and web-based of Malaria Information System (MIS), and malaria stratification exercise were developed by local human resource at the National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM) and funding from the Global Fund.
Results
The results of the malaria stratification were used by the National Center for Parasitology, Microbiology, and Entomology (CNM) to make decisions about recruiting and removing Village Malaria Workers (VMWs) and about targeting villages for insecticide-treated bed net (LLIN) distribution.
The mobile application and web-based of Malaria Information System (MIS) allows VMWs and health facility staff to collect data on malaria cases, including demographic information, clinical symptoms, test results, and treatment received. It also generates alerts for suspected outbreaks and provides information to health authorities to facilitate a rapid response
Conclusion
The research presented in this thesis demonstrates that a real-time malaria surveillance system and stratification methodology are crucial tools that enhance the efficiency of various malaria elimination efforts. These systems track the disease, identify areas that require interventions, and ensure resources are utilized efficiently and sustainably over the long term
Malar J
Get PDFBackgroundAccurate malaria stratification is essential for effective targeting of interventions but represents a particular challenge in pre-elimination settings. In these settings transmission is typically sufficiently low and spatially heterogeneous to warrant a need for estimates of malaria risk at sub-district or village level but is also likely to be sufficiently high to render the type of decision support systems appropriate to the final stages of malaria elimination impractical. In such a scenario it is arguably more feasible to strengthen existing passive malaria surveillance systems so that routinely generated case data can provide an effective basis for stratifying malaria risk. This paper explores the utility of routine malaria surveillance data for the stratification of malaria risk in Cambodia, where the target is malaria elimination by 2025.MethodsA malaria information system (MIS) was developed to generate timely, routine data on temporal and spatial variations in malaria cases reported through public health facilities and village malaria workers (VMWs). The MIS was implemented across all malaria endemic districts in the country during 2010\u201311. In 2012 MIS data were extracted and assessed on the basis of coverage and completeness. Village-level incidence estimates for 2011 were generated using predefined data inclusion criteria.ResultsIn 2011, the MIS covered 681 health facilities and 1,489 VMW villages; the overall completeness of monthly reporting was 82& and 97& for health facilities and VMWs respectively. Using these data it was possible to estimate malaria incidence for 89& of villages covered by the MIS. The resulting stratification highlights the highly heterogeneous nature of malaria transmission in Cambodia and underlines the importance of village-level data for effective targeting of interventions, including VMWs. Challenges associated with implementing the MIS and the implications of these for developing viable and sustainable MIS in Cambodia and elsewhere are discussed.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the operational feasibility of introducing a system to routinely generate village level malaria case data in Cambodia. Although resulting incidence estimates are subject to various limitations and biases the data provide an objective, repeatable basis for a dynamic system of stratification which is appropriate for guiding the transition between malaria pre-elimination and elimination phases.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-371) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.5U01CK000112-05/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United State
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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