1,720,965 research outputs found
Patterns of contraception in UK women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus: A GP database study
No full textAim: To establish the patterns of contraceptive prescribing for women aged 15–49 with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and compare them with the patterns in women without diabetes.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a UK primary care database.Results: Nine hundred and thirty-eight women with a diagnosis of Type 1 DM were identified. A comparison group of women aged 15–49 without diabetes (n = 10 000) were randomly selected from the database. Twenty-five per cent of the women with diabetes and 32% without diabetes were prescribed a hormonal contraceptive in 1994. Women with Type 1 DM were more likely to be prescribed a combined oral contraceptive than a progestogen only pill (POP) but were 2.12 (95% CI 1.65–2.72) times more likely to be prescribed a POP than women without diabetes and were less likely to be prescribed a combined pill – odds ratio 0.53 (95% CI 0.44–0.64). The pregnancy rate in women with Type 1 DM over the age of 25 years was lower than for women without diabetes. Women under 25 years with Type 1 DM seemed more likely to record a pregnancy.Conclusions: Differences between women with Type 1 DM and those without diabetes highlight the variation in the way that GPs and patients evaluate the risks and benefits when deciding on contraception.<br/
Coronary heart disease in women with diabetes. Positive association with past hysterectomy and possible benefits of hormone replacement therapy
No full textUmbilical cord and maternal blood red cell fatty acids and early childhood wheezing and eczema
No full textBackground:
Few studies have explored whether fetal exposure to n-6 and n-3 fatty acids influences the inception of atopic disease.Objective:
To assess prenatal fatty acid exposures as predictors of early childhood wheezing and eczema.Methods:
In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, late pregnancy maternal blood samples and umbilical cord blood samples were assayed for n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (percentage of total red cell phospholipid), and mothers were asked about wheezing and eczema in their children. We measured associations of 11 n-6 and n-3 fatty acid exposures with wheezing at 30 to 42 months, with wheezing patterns defined by presence (+) or absence (?) of wheezing during 2 periods, 0 to 6 months and 30 to 42 months (transient infant, +/?; later-onset, ?/+; persistent, +/+; n = 1191 and n = 2764 for cord and maternal analyses, respectively), and with eczema at 18 to 30 months (n = 1238 and n = 2945 for cord and maternal analyses, respectively).Results:
In cord blood red cells, the ratio of arachidonic:eicosapentaenoic acid was positively associated with eczema (adjusted odds ratio [OR] per doubling, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00-1.31; P = .044), the ratio of linoleic acid:?-linolenic acid was positively associated with later-onset wheeze (OR, 1.30; CI, 1.04-1.61; P = .019), and the ratio of ?-linolenic acid:n-3 products was negatively associated with later-onset wheeze (OR, 0.86; CI, 0.75-0.99; P = .040). However, these associations were no longer significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons.Conclusions:
It seems unlikely that fetal exposure to n-6 and n-3 fatty acids is an important determinant of early childhood wheezing and atopic disease
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Maternal Nrf2 and gluthathione-S-transferase polymorphisms do not modify associations of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure with asthma and lung function in school-aged children
No full textBackground: Maternal smoking during pregnancy has detrimental effects on the respiratory health of infants and children. Polymorphisms of antioxidant genes including glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) have been proposed as candidates for asthma and reduced lung function in children. Methods: Women enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children reported smoking habits during pregnancy. Asthma status in their children was established at age 7.5 years from parental reports and lung function was measured by spirometry at age 8.5 years. Maternal and child DNA were genotyped for deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and functional polymorphisms of GSTP1 and Nrf2 genes. Associations of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure with asthma and lung function in children were stratified by maternal genotype. Results: In 6606 children, maternal smoking during pregnancy was negatively associated with maximal mid expiratory flow (FEF25-75) (?0.05 SD units, 95% CI ?0.07 to ?0.03, p<0.001). There was little evidence for interactions between maternal smoking and any maternal genotype considered on children's asthma or lung function. Maternal smoking was associated with reduced childhood FEF25-75 only in mother-child pairs (n=1227) with both copies of GSTM1 deleted (?0.08 SD units, 95% CI ?0.14 to ?0.02, p=0.01) or (n=2313) at least one copy of GSTT1 present (?0.05 SD units, 95% CI ?0.09 to 0, p=0.03). Conclusion: This study confirms a detrimental effect of intrauterine tobacco smoke exposure on childhood lung function but no strong evidence of modification by maternal genotype for important antioxidant genes. Adverse effects of fetal exposure to tobacco smoke on the respiratory health of children may be mediated by pathways other than oxidative stress. <br/
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