165 research outputs found
Le « Discours sur les lois » de Fonvizin : Une éthique subversive
No full textWladimir Berelowitch, Fonvizin's "Discourse on the laws" : subversive ethics.
This article is a commentary on the "Discourse on the immutable laws of state" written by Fonvizin for Count Panin in 1783. Faced with two classical interpretations of this text - aristocratic "Fronde" and French Enlightenment on the one hand, and the Germanic natural law on the other hand -, the author purports to demonstrate by means of a detailed analysis of texts that both these ideological trends co-exist in Fonvizin's mind though at different levels. It is the "telescoping" between them that forces him into a very radical ethical protest, concentrated on the person of the sovereign and "subverting" the legal and institutional framework.Wladimir Berelowitch, Le « Discours sur les lois» de Fonvizin : une éthique subversive.
Cet article est un commentaire du « Discours sur les lois immuables de l'État » rédigé par Fonvizin pour le comte Panin en 1783. Face aux deux interprétations classiques de ce texte (« fronde » aristocratique et Lumières françaises d'une part, droit naturel germanique d'autre part), il se propose, à travers une analyse textuelle détaillée, de montrer que ces deux systèmes d'idées coexistent chez l'auteur à des niveaux différents et que le « télescopage » entre elles le pousse vers une protestation éthique très radicale concentrée sur la personne du souverain et « subvertissant » le cadre juridique et institutionnel.Berelowitch Wladimir. Le « Discours sur les lois » de Fonvizin : Une éthique subversive. In: Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, vol. 30, n°3-4, Juillet-Décembre 1989. Hommage à Alexandre Bennigsen. pp. 193-205
L'ancien et le nouveau [La vie du village russe pendant la NEP dans les monographies soviétiques de l'époque]
No full textWladimir Berelowitch, The ancient and the new: the life of the Russian village under the NEP as per Soviet monographs of the time.
At the time of the NEP, Soviet villages had been the subject of different monographs bearing on all aspects of rural life, in most cases on the scale of the volost'. These monographs, which combine precise information with personal impressions and comments of peasants, constitute irreplaceable evidence bearing on changes that occurred in the Russian countryside.
Utilizing this little-explored source, the author endeavors to establish the constants. The analysis attempts to show that the "ancient" is still very much alive and that the "new" that the research workers endeavor to define is mostly mythical: the differentiation of peasants is very slight, the Soviet institutions are but barely implanted, the political influences practically non-existent, and the Church still present. But against the background of deep social changes (propulsion towards instruction, unsettling of the family...), new elements tend to appear (school of atheism, anti-adult Komsomols...) announcing the revolution of 1929.Wladimir Berelowitch, L'ancien et le nouveau : la vie du village russe pendant la NEP dans les monographies soviétiques de l'époque.
Durant la NEP, les villages soviétiques furent l'objet de nombreuses monographies, étudiant tous les aspects de leur vie, le plus souvent à l'échelle de la volost'. Combinant des informations précises, des impressions personnelles et des réflexions de paysans, elles constituent un témoignage irremplaçable sur les changements qui s'étaient produits dans les campagnes russes.
A travers cette source peu explorée, l'auteur s'efforce de dégager des constantes. Il ressort de cette analyse que l' "ancien" est encore très vivant et que le "nouveau" recherché par les enquêteurs est en grande partie mythique : différenciation des paysans très faible, institutions soviétiques peu implantées, influence politique quasi nulle, église toujours debout. Mais sur le fond de mouvements sociaux profonds (poussée vers l'instruction, ébranlement de la famille...), on voit apparaître des éléments réellement nouveaux (écoles d'athéisme, komsomols anti-adultes...) qui annoncent la révolution de 1929.Berelowitch Wladimir. L'ancien et le nouveau [La vie du village russe pendant la NEP dans les monographies soviétiques de l'époque]. In: Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, vol. 24, n°4, Octobre-Décembre 1983. pp. 369-410
La France dans le « Grand Tour » des nobles russes au cours de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle
No full textWladimir Berelowitch, France in the "Grand Tour" of Russian nobles during the second half of the eighteenth century.
The article studies Russian nobles' travels in France during the Age of Enlightenment. It is based on some examples drawn from correspondence, accounts and travelogues, memoirs and autobiographies as well as statistics of applications for passports. The article describes the travellers who are young, belong often to aristocratic families in which a diplomatic career plays an important part and for whom the voyage - even if rarely dissociated from a mission - is integrated in an educative project and generally partakes of a culture of leisure. The author endeavors to situate these travels against the background of European "Grand Tours », to present literary models, the guide books from which the Russians draw their information and to describe the centers of interest of these travellers who are more or less consciously looking to France for a model of civilization going back to the age of Louis XIV.Wladimir Berelowitch, La France dans le « Grand Tour » des nobles russes au cours de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle.
L'article étudie les voyages de nobles russes en France à l'ère des Lumières, à partir de quelques exemples tirés de correspondances, de récits et journaux de voyages, de mémoires et autobiographies, ainsi que de la statistique des demandes de passeports. L'article s'efforce de caractériser les voyageurs, qui sont jeunes, souvent issus de familles aristocratiques où la carrière diplomatique joue un grand rôle, et pour lesquels le voyage, même s'il est rarement dégagé de toute mission, s'inscrit dans un projet éducatif et participe, plus généralement, d'une culture du loisir. Enfin, l'article s'efforce de situer ces voyages sur le fond des « Grands Tours » européens, de présenter les modèles littéraires, les guides dans lesquels puisent les Russes, et de décrire les centres d'intérêt des voyageurs qui, plus ou moins consciemment, recherchent en France un modèle de civilisation remontant au siècle de Louis XIV.Berelowitch Wladimir. La France dans le « Grand Tour » des nobles russes au cours de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle. In: Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, vol. 34, n°1-2, Janvier-Juin 1993. Noblesse, État et société en Russie XVIe - début du XIXe siècle. pp. 193-209
An Examination of Wladimir Kaminer’s Humor
No full textHumor is a quality of amusement that is evoked by mishap plus time. The source of the mishap may be a crude theme, embarrassing situation or interpersonal clash caused by various incongruencies. One must be chronologically and spatially removed from the occurrence for the situation to be considered humorous. The audience must have the ability to recognize and relate to the absurdity. Scholars recognize three main theories of humor. Superiority theory involves the application of judgement and superiority on themes or people who are often perceived as crude, lowly, or controversial. Relief theory sees humor as a means by which tense or embarrassing situations can be relieved, in which no harm is done to those involved. Incongruity theory emerges in situations where stark or subtle differences in culture or expectations cause an interpersonal clash, where each supposes his is the authentic perspective and the other’s the improper.
Wladimir Kaminer (b. 1967) is a Russian-born immigrant to Germany and best-selling author of more than 20 books that describe the humorous interactions between Germans and immigrants to that country, especially Russians.
To determine which theory best explained the humor in Kaminer’s works, each group member read one of Kaminer’s books, then suggested three chapters from their book that best highlight the humor of their respective title for group analysis. The chapters were analyzed by each group member for categorization under one, two, or all three theories of humor. The results were entered into a chart to visualize the distribution of the group’s individual evaluations of each chapter. A Venn diagram best illustrates our results, which show that the humor of most of the chapters is best explained by a combination of at least two theories with Incongruity Theory being the most common element of every combination.
Conclusion
After the four researchers examined 12 stories from four books, they determined that humor is most commonly displayed as a combination of two to three of the theories. Particularly in the humor of Wladimir Kaminer, incogruency theory forms the basis of most cases of humor. “The incongruity theory is the most important of the three explanation models since every comic effect can be traced back to a moment of incongruity” (Bogomolova 2010, p. 20)
The poetics of migration according to Wladimir Kaminer
No full textThe main goal of the article is to present Wladimir Kaminerʼs perspective on issues related to migration and the idea of multiculturalism based upon some of his works. These two issues, next to autobiographical threads and his memories of the USSR, are the main motifs of the writer’s literary output. As an author, he is familiar with the experience of migrating or running away, and in his ‘micro-narratives,’ Kaminer crosses geographical and ethnic boundaries, reflecting on new observations and building his specific perception of the world, most often cantered around multicultural Berlin. His stories emphasize the complexity of one’s identity, revolve around the search for belonging and home in a new social context, and raise the issue of adaptation and interpenetration of cultures. They thus contribute to a broader understanding of the challenges immigrants face in their new environment. Another area where the poetics of migration is evident is through the writer’s intense media activity, which has made him a significant voice shedding light on various narratives related to immigrant experience
Towards 3D modelling of convection in planetesimals and meteorite parent bodies
No full textObservations of asteroid belt members, investigations of meteorites and thermal evolution models converge on the paradigm of the ubiquity of melting processes in the planetesimals of the early Solar system. At least partial melting of planetesimals that fulfilled size and accretion time requirements to surpass the solidus temperatures of metal and silicates led to the weakening of the rock due to the interstitial melt. A decrease of the viscosity relative to melt-free material facilitates solid-state convection on partially molten bodies. Additional melting can produce liquid-like layers with suspended particles, i.e. magma oceans. Thermal evolution models indicate that partially molten layers can occur in the interior of undifferentiated bodies and in silicate mantles of differentiated ones. They can exist before a magma ocean forms or after it solidifies and above a whole-mantle magma ocean or below a shallow magma ocean. Thus, convection is likely. Attempts to model and to quantify the effects of convection in planetesimals remain rare. This study discusses the possibility of solid-state convection in partially molten planetesimals, presents a first-order comparison of a 3D mantle convection model with a conduction model taking a Vesta-sized body as an example and illustrates the importance of convection for meteorite parent bodies
A arte visionária e a Ayahuasca: representações visuais de espirais e vórtices inspiradas nos estados não ordinários de consciência (ENOC)
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências HumanasOs Estados Não Ordinários de Consciência, ENOC, induzidos especialmente por alguns tipos específicos de agentes psicoativos, como a ayahuasca, propiciam visões, tratadas aqui também como mirações. Nos estágios iniciais da experiência, essas mirações geralmente são formadas por padrões luminosos geométricos simétricos, ziguezagues, treliças, teias e espirais, entre outros. Em estágios mais avançados, essas imagens podem se transformar em objetos e cenários diversos, onde a influência cultural exercerá importante papel. Padrões visuais análogos encontram-se em obras artísticas, desde as pinturas rupestres pré-históricas, o que possibilita inferir que sua produção esteja, de algum modo, associada aos ENOC. Com efeito, esses mesmos padrões visuais são encontrados em obras indígenas e de artistas da atualidade que usam essa categoria de psicoativo. As mirações dos ENOC são muitas vezes consideradas experiências de natureza espiritual ou mística, já que são sentidas como vivências genuínas de um "outro mundo", que só podem ser traduzidas para "este mundo" - o mundo objetivo, material, do dia-a-dia - de forma descritiva e simbólica. Dentre as diversas imagens que podem aparecer nas mirações, o trabalho investigou as espirais e os vórtices e estudou alguns dos significados que costumam ser atribuídos a esses elementos, assim como algumas transformações e adaptações que eles podem passar, dependendo da cultura local. Foram coligidos ainda alguns exemplos da presença das espirais e vórtices na natureza, na ciência e na história da arte, com o intuito de evidenciar a forte influência que essas imagens podem ter sobre a imaginação, o conhecimento e a produção artística
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No full textVárias aplicações de Inteligência Artificial (IA) baseiam-se em processamento simbólico e na representação e manipulação do conhecimento. As arquiteturas de computadores tradicionais, do tipo von Neumann e as linguagens de programação procedimentais não são adequadas para atender aos requisitos apontados, pois foram projetadas principalmente para aplicações determinísticas e numéricas. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise das características das arquiteturas de hardware e software mais adequadas ao processamento simbólico e apresenta o projeto da arquitetura de um processador baseado na linguagem Prolog destinado ao processamento. simbólico.Many Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications are characterized by symbolic processing and knowledge representation and manipulation. Traditional Von Neumann computer architectures and procedural programming languages are not suitable to handle those requirements because they were designed mainly for deterministic and numerical applications. This work is concerned with an analysis of specific hardware and software architectures for symbolic processing and describes the architecture design of a PROLOG machine for symbolic processing
Differentiation of Enceladus and Retention of a Porous Core
No full textThe Cassini mission revealed gas plumes associated with surface features called "tiger stripes" at the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus. The composition of plume particles and local cryovolcanism suggested as a possible cause for the activity are typically considered in the context of hydrothermal circulation in the rocky core within a differentiated core–ocean–ice crust structure. We model the internal evolution and differentiation of Enceladus heated by radioactive nuclides and tidal dissipation. Calculating the core formation, we investigate its compaction by modeling the evolution of porosity, thereby varying the rock rheology based on different assumptions on the composition, such as grain size, creep activation energy, degree of hydration, and oxygen fugacity. We present final structures with a core radius of 185–205 km, a porous core layer of 4–70 km, an ocean of ≈10–27 km, and an ice crust layer of ≈30–40 km, that are largely consistent with the current estimates for Enceladus. By fitting the model results to these observations, we determine an accretion time of 1.3–2.3 Ma after calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions for Enceladus. Our models produce a porous outer core for wet and dry olivine rock rheologies supporting the hypothesis of hydrothermal circulation of oceanic water in the core. No porosity is retained for an antigorite rheology, implying that the core of Enceladus is not dominated by this mineral
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