198,153 research outputs found
Default Risk and Derivatives: An Empirical Analysis of Bilateral Netting
No full textThis paper discusses the determination of a capital charge to cover default risk on a netted derivatives portfolio. Different methods of setting a capital charge are investigated. Their ability to track a more sophisticated measure of credit risk is tested for Australian banks’ portfolios. The effect on the level of credit risk of moving from an environment without bilateral netting, to one where netting has firm legal basis, is examined. We find that, while there are theoretical grounds for arguing that more sophisticated measures would track exposures more closely than the approach currently used in capital adequacy requirements, as an empirical matter, no single formulation clearly outranked any other.
Sampling a Littoral Fish Assemblage: Comparison of Small-Mesh Fyke Netting and Boat Electrofishing
No full textWe compared small-mesh (4-mm) fyke netting and boat electrofishing for sampling a littoral fish assemblage in Muskegon Lake, Michigan. We hypothesized that fyke netting selects for small-bodied fishes and electrofishing selects for large-bodied fishes. Three sites were sampled during May (2004 and 2005), July (2005 only), and September (2004 and 2005). We found that the species composition of captured fish differed considerably between fyke netting and electrofishing based on nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Species strongly associated with fyke netting (based on NMDS and relative abundance) included the brook silverside Labidesthes sicculus, banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus, round goby Neogobius melanostomus, mimic shiner Notropis volucellus, and bluntnose minnow Pimephales notatus, whereas species associated with electrofishing included the Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, catostomids (Moxostoma spp. and Catostomus spp.), freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, walleye Sander vitreus, gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, and common carp Cyprinus carpio. The total length of fish captured by electrofishing was 12.8 cm (95% confidence interval ¼ 5.5– 17.2 cm) greater than that of fish captured by fyke netting. Size selectivity of the gears contributed to differences in species composition of the fish captured, supporting our initial hypothesis. Thus, small-mesh fyke nets and boat electrofishers provided complementary information on a littoral fish assemblage. Our results support use of multiple gear types in monitoring and research surveys of fish assemblages.
Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2007, Originally published in the North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27: 825-831, 2007
Optimizing sampling design to deal with mist-net avoidance in Amazonian birds and bats
No full textMist netting is a widely used technique to sample bird and bat assemblages. However, captures often decline with time because animals learn and avoid the locations of nets. This avoidance or net shyness can substantially decrease sampling efficiency. We quantified the day-to-day decline in captures of Amazonian birds and bats with mist nets set at the same location for four consecutive days. We also evaluated how net avoidance influences the efficiency of surveys under different logistic scenarios using re-sampling techniques. Net avoidance caused substantial declines in bird and bat captures, although more accentuated in the latter. Most of the decline occurred between the first and second days of netting: 28% in birds and 47% in bats. Captures of commoner species were more affected. The numbers of species detected also declined. Moving nets daily to minimize the avoidance effect increased captures by 30% in birds and 70% in bats. However, moving the location of nets may cause a reduction in netting time and captures. When moving the nets caused the loss of one netting day it was no longer advantageous to move the nets frequently. In bird surveys that could even decrease the number of individuals captured and species detected. Net avoidance can greatly affect sampling efficiency but adjustments in survey design can minimize this. Whenever nets can be moved without losing netting time and the objective is to capture many individuals, they should be moved daily. If the main objective is to survey species present then nets should still be moved for bats, but not for birds. However, if relocating nets causes a significant loss of netting time, moving them to reduce effects of shyness will not improve sampling efficiency in either group. Overall, our findings can improve the design of mist netting sampling strategies in other tropical areas.Peer reviewe
Development of Fungal Applications on Netting Substrates for Malaria Vector Control
No full textMosquito resistance to chemical insecticides is considered a serious threat for the sustainable use of contemporary malaria vector control methods. Fungal entomopathogens show potential as alternative biological control agents against (insecticide-resistant) anophelines. This study was designed to test whether the fungus, Beauveria bassiana, could be delivered to mosquitoes on netting materials that might be used in house screens, such as eave curtains. Tests were conducted to determine effects of formulation, application method, netting material, and nature of mosquito contact. Beauveria had a twice as high impact on Anopheles gambiae s.s. longevity when suspended in Shellsol solvent compared with Ondina oil (HR = 2.12, 95% confidence interval = 1.83–2.60, P 90% of mosquitoes within 10 d. Results indicate that the use of fungal spores dissolved in Shellsol and sprayed on small-meshed cotton eave curtain nets would be the most promising option for field implementation. Biological control with fungus-impregnated eave curtains could provide a means to target host-seeking mosquitoes upon house entry, and has potential for use in integrated vector management strategies, in combination with chemical vector control measures, to supplement malaria control in areas with high levels of insecticide resistance
Post-trade netting and contagion
No full textWe analyse how post-trade netting in over-the-counter derivatives markets affects systemic risk. In particular, we focus on two post-trade netting services that rely on multilateral netting techniques: portfolio rebalancing and portfolio compression. First, we provide mathematical characterisations of their netting mechanisms and explain their relationship. Then, we analyse the effects of post-trade netting from a network perspective by considering contagion arising from defaults on variation margin payments. We provide sufficient conditions for post-trade netting to reduce systemic risk and show that post-trade netting can be harmful. We also explore the implications, particularly when institutions strategically react to liquidity stress by delaying their payments
Apple Production under Protective Netting Systems
No full textApple crop is more and more cultivated under protective netting systems. Depending on the location and sunlight intensity, apple orchards can benefit from these installations, as they will be protected against extreme weather events. Depending on the technical features of the thread, the nets will be hail-proof, wind-proof, or rain-proof, while having different shading percentages. Modern fruit production faces high pressure also related to biotic stressors; thus, modern protective nets are designed to aid pest management. These protective systems become interesting, as they will induce changes in the orchards’ microenvironment, with consequences on crop physiology. Netting mainly reduces incoming solar radiation and wind speed, altering the heat balance. Leaf gas exchanges and water relations can be positively influenced by netting in apple cultivation areas with extreme solar radiation, high temperatures, and low water availability. These considerations are important, especially if the final yield and quality are not compromised by shading. These protective systems can allow higher sustainability of apple production, lowering resource use, along with crop protection
Understanding the factors affecting the compressive testing of unidirectional carbon fibre composites
No full textAn investigation was conducted to establish the effects of specimen preparation and configuration on the measured compressive strength of unidirectional carbon fibre. The compressive strength was determined through ASTM D 695 M [1] test method Specimens conforming to this standard were produced with different thickness, edge and surface preparation. Optical and electron (SEM) microscopical techniques were used to assess initiation of failure and to quantify the damage encountered by the compressive test specimen. The findings correlated well with the mechanical test results, additionally; from the mechanical testing there was significant evidence to suggest that if there is damage to the compressive test specimen is specific areas this dominates the type of failure that will occur
Does maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation affect outcomes in offspring? A systematic review of food-based approaches
No full textAbstract not availableMerryn J. Netting, Philippa F. Middleton, Maria Makride
[kintting], netting vbl n
No full textknitting vbl nOther [schools gave instruction in] needlework and sewing for the girls and netting (making nets) for the boys. [Add to DNE knitting vbl n 1, to 1888 cite]PRINTED ITEM DNE SupG. M. Story MAY 6 1988[check]WKUsed I and SupUsed I2Not usednetting, knitting-needle, needleChecked by Raji Sreeni on Fri 31 Jul 2015; Stamped but not use
Pneumatic Sand-Flue And Netting Cleaner
No full textPatent for improved Pneumatic Sand Flue and Netting Cleaners that "provide portable means for blowing sand through locomotive flues and nettings when coal-burners are employed for the purpose of cleaning said flues or nettings" (lines 13-17
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