169 research outputs found
Long-term measurements of aerosol precursor concentrations in the Finnish sub-Arctic boreal forest
No full textThis data set is connected to the article:
Jokinen, T., Lehtipalo, K., Thakur, R. C., Ylivinkka, I., Neitola, K., Sarnela, N., Laitinen, T., Kulmala, M., Petäjä, T., and Sipilä, M.: Measurement report: Long-term measurements of aerosol precursor concentrations in the Finnish sub-Arctic boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 202
Experimental studies on nucleation and new particle formation
No full textAerosols affect our everyday life in many ways. Changes in visibility, allergies to pollen, spray cans and dosing of some medication are just a few examples of common aerosols. Aerosols may have more profound way to affect every one of us; through climate. Possible changes in aerosol particle concentrations and compositions may alter large precipitation patterns and change cloud albedo, and lifetime. To be able to predict future changes in climate, profound understating of physical and chemical processes affecting the atmospheric aerosol population is crucial.
Nucleation, i.e. gas-to-liquid phase transition, is the fundamental step in particle formation in the atmosphere. Sulphuric acid is established to be one of key components in atmospheric nucleation, but other stabilizing species are needed to participate in the process to ex-plain atmospheric nucleation. The identity of these species and the mechanisms of the process itself have been elusive. This thesis aims to gain insight on the species participating nucleation and the mechanism of the whole process.
This thesis concentrates first to identify meteorological parameters controlling the atmos-pheric new particle formation. The information gathered from the field is used to design laboratory experiments more precise for the purpose of studying nucleation. The laboratory experiments were carried out using different flow tubes, first to test the limits of the Clas-sical Nucleation Theory and later on to investigate sulphuric acid-water binary and sul-phuric acid-water-base compound ternary nucleation. The precursor gas species were measured using mass spectrometers and ion chromatographs. The measured concentration of sulphuric acid from gas and particle phases were compared to theoretical prediction. The magnitude of the effect of base compounds on nucleation was estimated. The clustering of sulphuric acid molecules with other species was detected. Initial growth of clusters were studied in the point of view of sulphate containing species.
The results from the laboratory experiments confirmed earlier results found in the literature that base compounds increase nucleation rates significantly. The measurements of the gas-phase concentrations of these compounds set an upper limit, where the increasing effect is saturated. Comparison of the sulphuric acid concentrations measured with different tech-niques and with the theoretical approach showed order-of-magnitude discrepancy. The discrepancy was found to be due to clustering of sulphuric acid molecules with various species. Sulphate-containing species was found to be responsible of the initial growth of clusters in the flow tube measurements. Even though the species participating nucleation are still an open question, the work done in this thesis has helped to identify few of these species and the magnitude of their effect on nucleation. This thesis also helps to under-stand the initial growth of clusters in flow tube experiments and to identify possible limitation on instruments used commonly in atmospheric measurements.Aerosolit vaikuttavat meidän jokapäiväisessä elämässä monin tavoin. Muutokset näkyvyydessä, siitepölyallergiat, suihkepullot ja lääkkeiden annostelut ovat vain muutamia esimerkkejä tyypillisistä aerosoleista. Aerosoleilla voi olla syvällisempi vaikutus meidän kaikkien elämään; ilmaston kautta. Mahdolliset muutokset aerosolihiukkasten pitoisuuksissa ja rakenteessa voivat muuttaa suuria sademalleja ja pilvien albedoa sekä elinaikaa. Jotta voitaisiin ennustaa tulevia muutoksia ilmastossa, aerosolipopulaation vaikuttavat fysikaaliset ja kemialliset prosessit tulee ymmärtää perusteellisesti.
Nukleaatio, eli kaasusta nesteeksi-faasitransitio, on ilmakehän aerosolimuodostumisen olennainen askel. Rikkihappo on tunnistettu yhdeksi avainkomponentiksi ilmakehän nukleaatiossa, mutta muita stabilisoivia yhdisteitä tarvitaan mukaan itse prosessiin, jotta ilmakehän nukleaatio olisi selitettävissä. Nämä yhdisteet, sekä itse nukleaatioprosessin mekanismi ovat pysyneet mysteerinä. Tämä väitöskirja pyrkii lisäämään ymmärrystä mitkä yhdisteet osallistuvat nukleatioon ja ymmärtämään nukleaation mekanismia.
Tässä väitöskirjassa keskitytään aluksi tunnistamaan meteorologisiin parametreihin, jotka kontrolloivat ilmakehän uusien hiukkasten muodostumista. Kenttämittauksista saatua informaatiota käytettiin laboratorionukleaatiokokeiden tarkkaan suunnitteluun. Laboratoriokokeet suoritettiin käyttämällä erilaisia virtausputkia, joilla testattiin Klassisen nukleaatioteorian rajoja ja rikkihapon ja veden binääristä, sekä rikkihapon, veden ja emäksisen aineen terniääristä nukleaatiota. Nukleaatiota edeltävien kaasujen pitoisuudet mitattiin käyttäen massaspektrometriaa ja ionikromatografiaa. Mitattuja rikkihappopitoisuuksia kaasu- sekä hiukkasfaasissa verrattiin teoreettisiin ennusteisiin. Emäksien aineiden vaikutus nukleaatioon on arvioitu. Rikkihappomolekyylien havaittiin klusteroituvan muiden yhdisteiden kanssa. Työssä tutkittiin sulfaattia sisältävien yhdisteiden vaikutusta klustereiden varhaiseen kasvuun.
Laboratoriokokeiden tulokset vahvistivat kirjallisuudessa julkaistuja tuloksia, joiden mukaan emäksiset yhdisteet voivat lisätä nukleaationopeutta huomattavasti. Näiden emäksien yhdisteiden mitatut pitoisuudet kaasufaasissa asettivat ylärajan, jolla nukleaationopeuden kasvu saturoitui. Vertailu eri tekniikoilla mitattujen rikkihappopitoisuuksien, sekä teoreettisten ennusteiden välillä osoitti näiden eroavan yli kertaluokalla. Tämä ero osoittautui johtuvan rikkihappomolekyylien klusteroitumisesta muiden yhdisteiden kanssa. Sulfaattia sisältävien yhdisteiden huomattiin vastaavan klustereiden varhaisesta kasvusta lähes kokonaan virtausputkimittauksissa. Vaikka nukleaatioon osallistuvat yhdisteet ovat vieläkin avoin kysymys, tässä väitöskirjassa tehty työ on auttanut tunnistamaan joitain näistä yhdisteistä, sekä niiden nukleaatiovaikutuksen suuruusluokan. Tämä väitöskirja myös auttaa ymmärtämään klustereiden varhaista kasvua virtausputkikokeissa, sekä ymmärtämään joidenkin yleisesti ilmakehämittauksissa käytettyjen instrumenttien rajoitteita.ei saavutettav
Kimmo Hakola\u27s Diamond Street and Loco: A Performance Guide
No full textKimmo Hakola (b.1958) has emerged in the past two decades as one of Finland’s leading contemporary composers. His numerous clarinet and bass clarinet works include a clarinet concerto, five chamber works with various instrumentations, a work for solo clarinet, a work for solo bass clarinet, and a work for solo clarinet and pedal bass drum (the clarinetist performs both the clarinet and bass drum parts). While this relatively large output featuring the clarinet family may be a result of Hakola’s personal interests, it may also be the result of a friendship with virtuoso clarinetist Kari Kriikku (b. 1960). This document will be a study of two unaccompanied clarinet works of Hakola with the goal of understanding the compositional language and extended techniques used in his works. This research will help others understand the techniques used in these compositions and why the works of Hakola are valuable additions to the clarinet repertoire.
As has been the case so frequently throughout clarinet history, works are composed for a particular performer, or with a particular performer in mind. The most prominent examples include Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1750-1791) and Anton Stadler (1753-1812), Carl Maria von Weber (1786-1826) and Heinrich Baermann (1784-1847) and Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) and Richard Mühlfeld (1856-1907). In other instances, a composer is simply inspired enough by a singular performance of one musician that he or she is inspired to compose prominently for that instrument or voice from that point forward. Understanding the relationship between Hakola and Kriikku (to whom Hakola dedicated his Clarinet Concerto) will provide insights into Hakola’s writing style for the instrument, including the use of various extended techniques. The works composed by Kimmo Hakola to be included in the performance guide are Diamond Street for
solo clarinet and loco1 for clarinet and pedal bass drum (performed by one player). Only the extended techniques present in these works are to be examined in the performance guide.
My investigation will rely first on the scores to these works and the instructions for the extended techniques that are present therein. Second, personal interviews as well as email communications with composer Kimmo Hakola, clarinetist Kari Kriikku, Finnish clarinetist Harri Mäki (Professor of clarinet at the Sibelius academy as of this writing) and Finnish clarinetist and author Mikko Raasakka (contemporary Finnish music specialist and author of Exploring the Clarinet: A Guide to Clarinet Technique and Finnish Clarinet Music) will provide key, new information. Commercially available recordings of the works, especially those recorded by the performer who commissioned or premiered the work, will be consulted in order to analyze the audible representations of Hakola’s notation. Also included in the research scope will be texts and recorded performances which feature or explain these techniques in works by other composers, including works by Alban Berg and Magnus Lindberg.
The primary outcome of this research will be a performance guide for these works which focuses on the extended techniques used within loco and Diamond Street. These two works are products of a collaboration between Kriikku and Hakola, This collaboration demonstrates the brilliant skill of Kriikku as a performer and illustrates Hakola’ multi-ethnic, multi-style aesthetic. Though not the primary focus of the document, past Finnish composers and their compositions and compositional style for the clarinet will be studied to form a point of reference. This document will provide crucial material for the interpretation of Hakola’s works that can also be used by performers and educators when considering extended techniques in other clarinet works.
It will also bring the clarinet and bass clarinet repertoire of Kimmo Hakola to a more prominent and deserved place amongst twentieth and twenty-first century works for these instruments
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as the Basis of the Finnish Constitution
No full textIn the article, the author describes the history of the formation of constitutional legislation in Finland and, in particular, notes the key events and participants in the process of constitutionalism in the country. The author describes the Finnish arrangement for monitoring that the adopted laws comply with the Finnish constitution and its provisions of fundamental rights as well as the human rights obligations of Finland. Of particular importance in the article is the description of the development of the institution of fundamental human rights and freedoms, their form of consolidation in the legislation, as well as the shrinking role of customary law. The author emphasizes the important role of the provisions of the Constitution not only in guaranteeing the realization of rights and freedoms, but also in providing guidance for the subsequent development of legislative regulation on various fields of law, including the rights and duties relating to providing of a healthy environment.Peer reviewe
Detailed-level modelling of influence spreading on complex networks
No full textPublisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2024.The progress in high-performance computing makes it increasingly possible to build detailed models to investigate spreading processes on complex networks. However, current studies have been lacking detailed computational methods to describe spreading processes in large complex networks. To fill this gap we present a new modelling approach for analysing influence spreading via individual nodes and links on various network structures. The proposed influence-spreading model uses a probability matrix to capture the spreading probability from one node to another in the network. This approach enables analysing network characteristics in a number of applications and spreading processes using metrics that are consistent with the quantities used to model the network structures. In addition, this study combines sub-models and offers a comprehensive look at different applications and metrics previously discussed in cases of social networks, community detection, and epidemic spreading. Here, we also note that the centrality measures based on the probability matrix are used to identify the most significant nodes in the network. Furthermore, the model can be expanded to include additional properties, such as introducing individual breakthrough probabilities for the nodes and specific temporal distributions for the links.Peer reviewe
Ecology of the digital world of Wikipedia
No full text| openaire: EC/H2020/871042/EU//SoBigData-PlusPlus Funding Information: FO was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant number 21K19826. JK and KK acknowledge support from EU HORIZON 2020 INFRAIA-2019-1 (SoBigData++) No. 871042. KK also acknowledges the Visiting Fellowship at The Alan Turing Institute, UK. TS was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant number 18K03449. FO, JK, and TS thank for hospitality of Aalto University. Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s).Wikipedia, a paradigmatic example of online knowledge space is organized in a collaborative, bottom-up way with voluntary contributions, yet it maintains a level of reliability comparable to that of traditional encyclopedias. The lack of selected professional writers and editors makes the judgement about quality and trustworthiness of the articles a real challenge. Here we show that a self-consistent metrics for the network defined by the edit records captures well the character of editors’ activity and the articles’ level of complexity. Using our metrics, one can better identify the human-labeled high-quality articles, e.g., “featured” ones, and differentiate them from the popular and controversial articles. Furthermore, the dynamics of the editor-article system is also well captured by the metrics, revealing the evolutionary pathways of articles and diverse roles of editors. We demonstrate that the collective effort of the editors indeed drives to the direction of article improvement.Peer reviewe
Deep learning for 3D cephalometric landmarking with heterogeneous multi-center CBCT dataset
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2024 Sahlsten et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Cephalometric analysis is critically important and common procedure prior to orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. Recently, deep learning approaches have been proposed for automatic 3D cephalometric analysis based on landmarking from CBCT scans. However, these approaches have relied on uniform datasets from a single center or imaging device but without considering patient ethnicity. In addition, previous works have considered a limited number of clinically relevant cephalometric landmarks and the approaches were computationally infeasible, both impairing integration into clinical workflow. Here our aim is to analyze the clinical applicability of a light-weight deep learning neural network for fast localization of 46 clinically significant cephalometric landmarks with multi-center, multi-ethnic, and multi-device data consisting of 309 CBCT scans from Finnish and Thai patients. The localization performance of our approach resulted in the mean distance of 1.99 ± 1.55 mm for the Finnish cohort and 1.96 ± 1.25 mm for the Thai cohort. This performance turned out to be clinically significant i.e., ≤ 2 mm with 61.7% and 64.3% of the landmarks with Finnish and Thai cohorts, respectively. Furthermore, the estimated landmarks were used to measure cephalometric characteristics successfully i.e., with ≤ 2 mm or ≤ 2̊ error, on 85.9% of the Finnish and 74.4% of the Thai cases. Between the two patient cohorts, 33 of the landmarks and all cephalometric characteristics had no statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) measured by the Mann-Whitney U test with Benjamini–Hochberg correction. Moreover, our method is found to be computationally light, i.e., providing the predictions with the mean duration of 0.77 s and 2.27 s with single machine GPU and CPU computing, respectively. Our findings advocate for the inclusion of this method into clinical settings based on its technical feasibility and robustness across varied clinical datasets.Peer reviewe
Data Mining Meets Collocations Discovery
No full text@inbook{OL-DOUCET-2005, author = {Ahonen-Myka, H. and Doucet, A.}, chapter = {Data Mining Meets Collocations Discovery}, title = {Inquiries into Words, Constraints and Contexts, Festschrift in the Honour of Kimmo Koskenniemi}, publisher = {CSLI Publications, Center for the Study of Language and Information, University of Stanford}, year = {2005}, pages = {194-203}
,,dass gestern besser werden würde als morgen je gewesen war": Zur Kodierung von Trauma in Jan Costin Wagner's Kimmo-Joentaa-Romanen
No full textThis thesis investigates a series of crime novels by German author Jan Costin Wagner. The series revolves around Finnish detective Kimmo Joentaa who in the course of the series tries to deal with the loss of his wife. The focus of my analysis is the encoding of trauma in the novels. The foundation is constituted by the definition of trauma that psychotraumatologists Fischer/Riedesser provide. They understand trauma as a shock that influences one’s understanding of the Self and the world around us. I claim that Wagner discusses the possibility of processing a traumatic event by implementing fragmented structures and characters in his texts. These fragments are then compensated for by structuring elements. Wagner, I conclude, thus builds up an antithetic construction and makes trauma a structuring scheme in his series. My reading is done against the backdrop of 20th and 21st century crime literature. The goal is placing Wagner within the genre that up until recently was divided between the notions of the classical and the anti-crime novel.N
,,dass gestern besser werden würde als morgen je gewesen war": Zur Kodierung von Trauma in Jan Costin Wagner's Kimmo-Joentaa-Romanen
No full textThis thesis investigates a series of crime novels by German author Jan Costin Wagner. The series revolves around Finnish detective Kimmo Joentaa who in the course of the series tries to deal with the loss of his wife. The focus of my analysis is the encoding of trauma in the novels. The foundation is constituted by the definition of trauma that psychotraumatologists Fischer/Riedesser provide. They understand trauma as a shock that influences one’s understanding of the Self and the world around us. I claim that Wagner discusses the possibility of processing a traumatic event by implementing fragmented structures and characters in his texts. These fragments are then compensated for by structuring elements. Wagner, I conclude, thus builds up an antithetic construction and makes trauma a structuring scheme in his series. My reading is done against the backdrop of 20th and 21st century crime literature. The goal is placing Wagner within the genre that up until recently was divided between the notions of the classical and the anti-crime novel.N
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