15 research outputs found
Harnessing the learning potential of feedback: Dedicated improvement and reflection time (DIRT) in classroom practice
No full textThe evolution of surfaces and their measurement
No full textSurfaces and their interactions are at the heart of living systems and all moving objects.
They have fascinated man from the ancient Egyptians, through Leonardo Da Vinci in the
Renaissance period, to nanotechnologists of today. This paper elucidates the science of
surfaces and their interactions, covering the importance of surfaces and how they influence us
all in terms of energy, environment and quality of life. It attempts to uncover the story of
mankind‟s deepening understanding of surfaces and their measurement, and to provide an
overview of surface measurement and shows how current thinking has evolved from a
complicated historical background
Recent changes in the initiation liturgies: a comparative study
Get PDFIn this thesis the author examines the recent rites of initiation within the Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Church of England, and Methodist Churches. The object is two-fold: (l) to see whether there has been convergence in the recent liturgical practice and theological understanding of initiation; and (2)' to see the extent to which the rites of the present-day mark a deliberate return to the pool of symbolic actions and words that were current in the post-apostolic period (and maybe even earlier).From the witness of Scripture it is felt that no established practice was being set before us at that time, particularly as the primary role of Scripture is as a witness to Christ rather than as a manual of devotion. The establishing of normative procedures for initiation would seem to be a post-apostolic development which took distinctive eastern and western lines of development. The Orthodox Church continues to employ the ancient rites which extend back for over twelve hundred years, and its insistence on the unity of baptism, chrismation and eucharist in theological thought and administration is characteristic. The other denominations express in their recent rites the desire to return to an archetypal service, but at the same time wishing to maintain the validity of a fragmented initiation practice. The Church of England, .and Methodism which grew from it, show increasing use of ceremonial. Most of this had been removed from the Church of England's liturgy at the Reformation. Taking note of recent work by the World Council of Churches the author concludes that convergence in liturgy and theology, though incomplete, has taken place; and further, that faithful witness is borne to the practice and understanding of the early Church of the post-apostolic period. Some aspects may date from the New Testament times
Public protection in youth justice? the intensive supervision and surveillance programme from the inside
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Furin cleavage site in Spike enhances NCOA7-mediated restriction.
No full text(A) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped vector expressing luciferase. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (B) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 were infected with SARS-CoV-2ΔPRRA Spike pseudotyped vector expressing luciferase. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (C) Fold inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 WT or ΔPRRA Spike pseudotyped vector infection by NCOA7 from Fig 5A. (D) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 were infected with SARS-CoV-1 Spike pseudotyped vector expressing luciferase. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (E) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 were infected with SARS-CoV-1 PRRA Spike pseudotyped vector expressing luciferase. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (F) Fold inhibition of SARS-CoV-1 WT or PRRA Spike pseudotyped vector infection by NCOA7 from Fig 5E. (G) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 were infected with increasing volumes of replication competent wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 (left) or SARS-CoV-2 ΔPRRA (right) for 48 h. Nucleocapsid positive cells were enumerated by flow cytometry. (H) Fold inhibition of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-2 ΔPRRA infection by NCOA7 calculated from Fig 5E. For all the data n = 3, mean +/- SD. (F) analysed using two-way ANOVA. (C, F) analysed using unpaired t-test. * (p<0.05), ** (p<0.01), *** (p<0.001), **** (p<0.0001).</p
TMPRSS2 overexpression attenuates NCOA7-mediated restriction.
No full text(A) A549-ACE2 cells with or without TMPRSS2 were infected with increasing volumes of SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped vector expressing luciferase (SARS-2). Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (B) A549-ACE2 cells with or without TMPRSS2 were treated with 100 μM camostat for 2 h and then infected with SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped vector expressing luciferase. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (C) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 with (right) or without TMPRSS2 (left) were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped vector expressing luciferase. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (D) Fold inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped vector infection by NCOA7 in the presence or absence of TMPRSS2 from Fig 3C. (E) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 with (right) or without TMPRSS2 (left) were infected with SARS-CoV-1 Spike pseudotyped vector expressing luciferase (SARS-1). Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (F) Fold inhibition of SARS-CoV-1 Spike pseudotyped vector infection by NCOA7 in the presence or absence of TMPRSS2 from Fig 3E. For all the data n = 3, mean +/- SD. (B) analysed using two-way ANOVA. (D, F) analysed using unpaired t-test. * (p<0.05), ** (p<0.01), *** (p<0.001), **** (p<0.0001).</p
"Running like big daft girls." A multi-method study of representations of and reflections on men and masculinities through "The Beatles"
No full textThe aim of this thesis was to examine changing representations of men and masculinities in a particular historical period (“The Sixties”) and to explore the impact that this had in a period of rapid social change in the UK and the legacy of that impact. In order to do this, a multi-method study was developed, combining documentary research with a set of eleven semi-structured interviews.
The documentary research took the form of a case study of The Beatles, arguing that their position as a group of men who became a global cultural phenomenon, in the period under study, made theme a suitable vehicle through which to read changing representations of masculinities in this period and to reflect on what this meant for men in UK society. The Beatles’ live action films were chosen as a sample of Beatle “texts” which allowed for the Beatles to be looked at at different points in the “The Sixties” and for possible changes over that time period to be tracked. Textual analysis within discourse analysis (based on a framework suggested by van Dijk [1993], Fairclough [1995] and McKee [2003]) was used to analyse the texts.
Ideas advanced by the Popular Memory Group (1982) about the interaction of public representations of the past and private memory of that past were influential in the decision to combine this piece of documentary research with interviews with a sample of men, in an age range of 18 to 74. The interview stage was designed to elicit data on the perception of the participants of the role of representation (with particular reference to the Beatles) of masculinities on them as individuals and their ideas about how this may have had an impact in terms of longer term social change.
Ehrenreich’s (1983) notion of a male revolt in the late 1950s, an emergence of a challenge to established ideas about men and masculinity, was also influential, particularly as it is an idea at odds with the “crisis in masculinity” discourse (Tolson, 1977; Kimmel, 1987; Whitehead, 2002) at work in a number of texts on men and masculinity. Examining further Inglis’ (2000b : 1) concept of The Beatles as “men of ideas” with a global reach, the chosen Beatle texts were examined for discourses of masculinity which appeared to be resistant to the dominant. What emerged were a number of findings around resistance, non-conformity, feminised appearance, pre-metrosexuality, the male star as object of desire and The Beatles as a global male phenomenon open to the radical diversity of the world in a period of rapid social change. The role of popular culture within this process was central to the thesis, given its focus on The Beatles as a case study. However, broader ideas about the role of the arts also emerged with a resultant conclusion that “the sixties” is where a recognition of the importance of representation begins as well as a period where representations of gender (as well as class and race) became more accessible due to the rise in popularity of TV in the UK and a resurgence in British cinema.
The thesis offers a number of ideas for further research, building on the outcomes of this particular study. These include further work on the competing crisis/ revolt discourse at work in the field of critical men’s studies, ascertaining female perspectives on representations of masculinities and their impact, further work on the Beatles through fans and an application of some of the ideas at work in the thesis to other periods of British history
NCOA7 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection.
No full text(A) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 were infected with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 for 48 h. Nucleocapsid positive cells were enumerated by flow cytometry. (B) VeroE6 cells were incubated for 72 h with supernatants from A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 infected with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 for 48 h. Plaque forming units were counted to calculate the titre. (C) Crystal violet staining of A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 after infection with replication competent SARS-CoV-2 for 72 h. (D) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped vector expressing luciferase. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (E) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 were infected with Amphotropic MLV envelope pseudotyped vector expressing luciferase. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (F) A549-ACE2-Cas9 cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing CRISPR non-targeting guide RNA (Ctrl-/-) or guide RNA targeting NCOA7. Treated with IFN-α for 24 h before challenge with SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped vector expressing luciferase. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (G) A549-ACE2-Cas9 cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing CRISPR non-targeting guide RNA (Ctrl-/-) or guide RNA targeting NCOA7. Treated with IFN-α for 24 h before challenge with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2. Nucleocapsid positive cells were enumerated by flow cytometry 48 h post-infection. (H) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 were infected with wild-type (WT) or D614G SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped vectors expressing luciferase. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. (I) A549-ACE2 cells expressing E2crimson or NCOA7 were infected with wild-type (WT), P.1, B.1.351 or B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped vectors expressing luciferase. Luciferase activity was measured 48 h post-infection. For all the data n = 3, mean +/- SD. (A, D-G) analysed using two-way ANOVA. (B, H) analysed using unpaired t-test. (I) analysed using one-way ANOVA. * (p<0.05), ** (p<0.01), *** (p<0.001), **** (p<0.0001).</p
Does frequency of social media use predict poorer well-being in a large adult sample?
No full textSubjective well-being refers to an individual’s appraisals and evaluations of their own life (Diener, 1984), which include both cognitive and affective components Subjective well-being (referred to hereafter as well-being), thus, may be reflected in a range of measures, including life-satisfaction and psychological distress, the focus of the present research.
It has been proposed that high levels of social media use may have an impact on levels of well-being (Verduyn et al., 2017). From a theoretical perspective negative consequences for well-being are proposed to be the result of upward social comparisons made with social media content which largely presents idealised and positive images and life-circumstances of others, fuelling envy and discontent with one’s own life (Verduyn et al., 2017; Weinstein, 2017). In addition, from the perspective of the displacement hypothesis, it has been proposed that time spent online might displace other crucial activities which support well-being, including sleep, physical activity and face-to-face contact (Hall et al., 2019), resulting in diminished well-being. Further, in adolescents, greater potential for exposure to cyberbullying has also been proposed to contribute to poorer well-being (Kelly et al., 2018; Viner et al., 2019). On the other hand, social media use, especially use involving direct exchanges with others, may improve well-being by adding to social capital and greater connectedness with friends (Verduyn et al., 2017; Weinstein, 2017). In light of these differing theoretical approaches, further exploration of the relationship between social media use and wellbeing is warranted.
Empirical findings for relationships between social media use and well-being are mixed. The majority of studies are cross-sectional in nature. In adolescents, especially girls, higher social media use has frequently been found to be associated with poorer well-being. For example, greater social media use has been associated with greater depression (Barthorpe et al., 2020; Hawes et al., 2020; Kelly et al., 2018; Twenge et al., 2018) and poorer scores on a composite measure of well-being including measures of happiness and emotional and behavioural problems (Booker et al., 2018) particularly in girls. Similarly, cross-sectional research in mainly young adult samples, typically find an association between social media use and poorer well-being. For example, in adult samples, greater social media use has been found to be associated with greater depression (Bennett et al., 2020; Hanna et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sherlock & Wagstaff, 2019). In addition, a large nationally representative sample of adult New Zealanders found that more frequent hours of social media use was weakly associated with psychological distress, after adjusting for time spent engaging in other activities such as exercise, sleep, and housework (Stronge et al., 2019). However, a meta-analysis of correlational studies found that the mean correlation between time spent on social networking sites and psychological well-being was low (r = -.07; Huang, 2017). The author concludes that, as at this time most studies used student samples, future research should be conducted in adult samples (Huang, 2017).
Although correlational findings indicate likely associations between social media use and well-being, they do not provide information about the temporal sequence of variables and thus possible causal relationships. A small number of longitudinal studies have examined whether social media use predicts well-being outcomes over time in adolescents and youth. Findings from this research are less consistent. In adolescents, a number of studies have found that social media use at baseline predicts an indicator of well-being at follow-up, especially in females (Booker et al., 2018; Orben et al., 2019; Viner et al., 2019). However, one study found that frequency of social media use did not predict depression (Nesi & Prinstein, 2015) and a further study found that high social media use was associated with declines in happiness, especially in girls, but not in changes in life satisfaction (Twigg et al., 2020). We have only identified a small number of longitudinal studies in young adults. Kross et al. (2013) examined Facebook use among young adults (mean age = 19.52 years) and found that increased Facebook use at baseline predicted a decline in life satisfaction levels over a two-week period. Notably, this study was conducted before the major upsurge in social media use on platforms such as Instagram and, in this study, the follow-up period was brief.
A recent review of research examining social media use and depression in adolescents highlight the fact that the great majority of studies are cross-sectional and correlational in nature and it is therefore possible that poorer well-being may contribute to greater social media use (Vidal et al., 2020). Poorer well-being may, for example, contribute to less face-to-face socialisation and more time and opportunity for online social network exposure and opportunities for upward comparisons. In a cross-sectional study of internet users (aged 14-39 years), loneliness, depression and anxiety were found to positively predict social media use and this effect was mediated by fear of missing out and social comparison tendency (Reer et al., 2019). The authors suggest that those higher in loneliness, depression and anxiety compare themselves to others on social media more frequently as a means of reducing uncertainty, but as a result of the comparison process, develop a fear of missing out, believing others are living more rewarding lives (Reer et al., 2019). However, the potential for a bidirectional relationship between social media use and indicators of well-being have not been examined in longitudinal designs.
In summary, research with adolescents and youth generally supports a relationship between high social media use and poorer well-being, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Of the few studies conducted with adult samples, these support a similar relationship. We have only identified one longitudinal study of this relationship in adult and this was conducted in a small sample with a mean age of 19.52 years (Kross et al., 2013). Thus, there is no research examining this relationship in a large sample of adults across a wide age range.
This is of concern for a number of reasons. Adults across the age spectrum are now using social media, if not with the same frequency as young adults (Pew Research Centre, 2019). For example, Pew Research Centre (2019) estimates that in the US, 90% of adults of 18-29 years, 82% of adults of 30-49 year and 69% of adults of 50-64 years report using at least one source of social media. Consequently, the need to understand the impact of social media use is no longer simply an issue in adolescents and young adults. If there is a negative impact of higher frequency of social media use in adults, interventions need to be considered to assist adults use social media in a positive way. In addition, this information could assist in policy development of major social media platforms that have at times indicated willingness to mitigate negative impacts of their product where possible. On the other hand, if poorer well-being predicts social media use, investigation of the ways in which social media use engaged in for the purpose of coping with poorer wellbeing is an effective, or a maladaptive coping strategy would be required to direct efforts to enhance wellbeing amongst those who may be struggling.
In addition to exploring possible bi-directional relationships between social media use and well-being in a longitudinal adult sample, we plan to explore the nature of these relationships in different age groups and by gender. Social media use and ensuing effects on well-being may take a different form in younger compared to older age groups. For example, Pew Research Centre (2019) reports that younger adults are more likely to use Instagram, a more appearance-focused platform, than older adults, and earlier research has observed that younger people were more likely to engage with photos on social media than older people (Barker, 2012). These activities could promote greater social comparisons and concerns about presentation of the ideal self and thus due to greater engagement in these types of platforms could lead to poorer well-being in younger than older adults. Similarly, more women than men report using Instagram (Pew Research Centre, 2019), and thus for a similar reason may be more vulnerable to negative self-evaluation and subsequent poorer well-being. In addition, it has been proposed that adolescent girls may engage in more upward comparisons than boys and this could contribute to a greater negative impact (Booker et al., 2018). A similar phenomenon could occur in adults.
In conclusion, the primary aim of this study was to address the questions: (1.) Does social media predict change in well-being over time in a large adult sample? and (2.) Does well-being influence social media use over time in a large adult sample?
In addition, the secondary aims of this study were to address the questions: (1.) Are the prospective relationships between social media and well-being different among age groups; and (2.) Are the prospective relationships between social media and well-being different among gender groups?
References
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