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La reforma del presidencialismo en América Latina : hacia un modelo híbrido
Get PDFEste artículo analiza los cambios constitucionales que han alterado el poder de los presidentes en América Latina entre 1978 y 2014. Se argumenta que las tendencias de reforma en esta materia se han movido en direcciones opuestas. Se han incorporado reglas que reducen la probabilidad de que el presidente cuente con un apoyo mayoritario en el Congreso, con otras que incrementan su poder de negociar con los legisladores. Por otra parte, mientras muchas reformas se orientan a fortalecer la capacidad del Congreso para supervisar las facultades de gobierno del Ejecutivo, se adoptaron otras que concentran Poder Legislativo en manos del presidente. En este diseño híbrido, las reformas adoptadas coexisten en tensión y tienen un impacto contradictorio en el poder real de los presidentes, de modo tal que es tan incorrecto hablar de un avance del hiperpresidencialismo como de una disminución sistemática del poder de los presidentes en todas sus dimensione
¿Qué es el decisionismo?: Reflexiones en torno a la doctrina política de Carl Schmitt
Get PDFThis essay is a critique of the so called “decisionist” theory by Carl Schmitt, first expounded on his main political works during the Weimar period. The author explains that Schmitt's idea of “decisionism” is not, as it has often been pondered a simple variant of ethical voluntarism associated with both existentialist and positivist moral philosophies. “Decisionism” is a particular political doctrine based on the claim that the state is the absolute source of legal and moral decisions in political life. From this perspective, the author demonstrates that Schmitt’s “decisionism" is a purely negative doctrine, based on the symmetrical negation of all the political values of liberalism.Este ensayo presenta una revisión crítica de la llamada teoría “decisionista” de Carl Schmitt tal como fuera expuesta en sus principales trabajos políticos durante el periodo de Weimar. El autor argumenta que el decisionismo de Schmitt no es, como frecuentemente se ha afirmado, una simple variante del voluntarismo ético asociado a filosofías morales existencialistas y positivistas. Decisionismo es en cambio una particular doctrina política que sostiene que el Estado es la fuente absoluta de toda decisión legal y moral en la vida política. Desde esta perspectiva, el autor demuestra que el decisionismo de Schmitt es una doctrina puramente negativa, fundada en la negación simétrica de todos y cada uno de los valores políticos del liberalismo
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
El poder constituyente en la tradición constitucional americana: El legado problemático de los escritos federalistas
No full textThe Federalist Papers proposed a model of government in which the participation of citizens is either unnecessary or inconvenient to make constitutional revisions. Legislators and judges would be responsible for adapting the constitution to changing environments. However, the possibility of involving citizens in an extra-legal reform of the political system remained always latent in the principle of popular sovereignty that the Federalists used to justify the legitimacy of the Philadelphia constitution. This situation never materialized in the American constitutional experience at the federal level but has been frequent in democracies that follow the legacy of the Federalists and face demands of radical institutional reform. In this scenario, which prevails today in several Latin American countries, it is imperative to rethink a system of constitutional revisions that deprives citizens of channels of participation to alter or replace the constitution in a peaceful and legal manner.Los escritos federalistas propusieron un modelo de gobierno en el que la participación de los ciudadanos no es necesaria ni conveniente para introducir cambios a la Constitución. Los legisladores y los jueces serían los responsables de adaptarla a contextos cambiantes. Sin embargo, la posibilidad de involucrar a los ciudadanos en una reforma extralegal del sistema político permaneció siempre latente en el principio de soberanía popular que los federalistas utilizaron para justificar la legitimidad de la Constitución de Filadelfia. Esta situación nunca se presentó en la experiencia constitucional americana a nivel federal pero ha sido frecuente en democracias que siguen el legado de los federalistas norteamericanos y enfrentan demandas de reforma institucional profunda. En este escenario, que prima hoy en varios países de América Latina, se torna imprescindible repensar un sistema de revisión constitucional que no brinda a los ciudadanos canales de participación para alterar o sustituir la Constitución de forma pacífica y legal
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