60 research outputs found
Performances of anaerobic membrane bioreactors treating thin stillage from bioethanol plants at different sludge retention times
No full textEthanol production, as a renewable energy source and fuel additive, form starch based grains such as corn and wheat has increased rapidly in recent years to mitigate green-house gas emissions due to the extensive usage of fossil fuels and to regulate the instabilities in global fuel supply (Gao et al., 2011, Wilkie et al., 2000). However, bio-ethanol manufacturing is a water and energy intensive process that generates a high amount of concentrated wastewater called stillage and requires a high amount of energy input for downstream stillage management with centrifuges, evaporators and dryers. Therefore, its overall environmental benefit is still questionable. The only by-product of bio-ethanol production facilities is called dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and it is produced through a series of energy intensive processes for concentrating the effluent coming from the main distillation process. DDGS, rich with proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nutrients, has a high nutritional value and it is valorized in animal feed market to compensate the operation costs and to improve the overall feasibility of the process (Eskicioglu et al., 2011).Water ManagementCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Treatment of industrial wastewaters by anaerobic membrane bioreactors: Implications of substrate characteristics
No full textThe success of anaerobic digestion relies on the presence of highly active methanogenic biomass, requiring effective retention of slow growing anaerobic microorganisms inside bioreactor by decoupling the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from solids residence time (SRT) or the employment of long SRTs in fully mixed systems. So far, flow through systems, i.e. completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) digesters, and granular sludge bed reactors have been commonly applied for anaerobic treatment of slurries and low particulate matter containing streams, respectively. Physical separation of particulates by membranes is an efficient tool to uncouple SRT from HRT. Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) is a combination of an anaerobic process with membrane units located either inside or outside the reactor. These systems are expected to fill the gap between low loaded slurry digesters and high rate granular sludge bed reactors. AnMBRs are especially suitable when efficient biomass retention cannot be achieved due to wastewater characteristics, inappropriate reactor operation and/or design. AnMBRs provide an excellent treatment efficiency, thanks to the membrane filtration which ensures particulate free effluent. On the other hand, membrane fluxes in AnMBRs are naturally limited by the effectiveness of the filtration process which is impacted by the build-up of a fouling layer in and on the membrane surface. The degree of fouling can be described by the increase in transmembrane pressure (TMP) or by the reduction of filtrate flux due to clogging of membrane pores or dense cake-layer later build-up. The reasons and mitigation possibilities of membrane fouling have received a significant scientific interest for decades. However, thus far, membrane fouling remains the focal point of membrane bioreactor (MBR) studies due to the complexity of phenomenon. The purpose of this thesis is to further increase the understanding of fouling phenomena in AnMBR systems by evaluating the impact of substrate composition and the effect of factors such as SRT on biological performance and sludge filterability. In order to mitigate fouling in AnMBRs, it is of crucial importance to understand the impact of operational conditions on sludge characteristics and filterability. Standard parameters such as capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), and critical flux (CF) was used to evaluate the effect of different operation conditions. Moreover, the influence of high lipid content, acidified and non-acidified wastewaters and nitrogen deficiency on sludge characteristics and filterability was investigated. The SRT had an effect on both biodegradation efficiency and filterability. A higher degree of substrate bioconversion to methane was observed at increased SRT. Controversially, the increase in SRT led to poor filterability due to accumulation of colloids and soluble microbial products (SMP) in the bulk sludge. The filterability parameters such as CST and SRF were found as valuable tools for subjective comparison of operational changes. However, it was difficult to evaluate the relationships between filterability parameters and membrane fouling due to the complexity of fouling and non-linearity of correlations. Thus, it was suggested to evaluate a set of parameters about sludge characteristics and filterability in order to establish a link with membrane fouling. For corn thin stillage and cheese whey permeate as the substrates we observed high COD removal efficiencies, exceeding 95%, which confirms the excellent performance of AnMBRs. However, the hydrolysis products of lipids, i.e. long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), caused reversible inhibition by forming a layer on the bioflocs that retards the transfer of substrate and nutrients. The biomass activity decrease due to LCFA adsorption was almost completely recoverable when the feed was stopped. However, the LCFA adsorption had other consequences on sludge surface characteristics. The results of this thesis showed that LCFA adsorption on biomass increased its hydrophobicity which in turn decreased its fouling propensity. Very likely, owing to the increased hydrophobicity of the flocs there is less interaction with the hydrophilic membrane. Feeding non-acidified substrate to the AnMBR led to a rapid deterioration of the sludge filterability, which was attributed to the proliferation of acidogenic microorganisms on the rapidly fermentable carbohydrates. The abundant presence of single cell acidogens decreased the median particle size of the sludge. Additionally, the food to microorganism ratio (F:M) was found an important parameter impacting sludge filterability. An increase in this parameter resulted in accumulation of soluble microbial products (SMP) which led to deterioration of the supernatant filterability. The experiments carried out with cheese whey revealed that nitrogen content effected both reactor stability and bulk liquid filterability. Nitrogen deficiency limited biomass growth and caused volatile fatty acids (VFA) accumulation, especially propionic acid, even at low organic loads. This was ascribed to metabolic changes which likely caused an adverse effect on syntrophic propionate oxidation. On the other hand sludge filterability rapidly deteriorated when AnMBR was fed with nitrogen supplied whey at a COD:TKN ratio of 50. We observed two distinct fractions of biomass with different particle size distribution, SRF and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content. The reduction of sludge filterability was attributed to induced growth of acidogenic biomass on lactose with surplus of nitrogen.Water ManagementCivil Engineering and Geoscience
The examination of the manuscript named al-Âyâtu al-Maḳṣûra 'ala al-Abyât al-Maḳṣûra by 'Abdulqâdir b. Mohammed et-Tabari
No full textDoktora TeziBu çalışmanın konusu, "el-Âyâtu'l-Maḳṣûra 'Ale'l-Ebyâti'l-Maḳṣûra" adlı yazma eserin tahkiki ve incelenmesidir. Yazma eser, Muhyiddîn 'Abdulḳâdir b. Muḥammed eṭ-Ṭaberî'nin "Şerḥun li-Maḳṣûra İbn Düreyd" adıyla şerḥ ettiği İbn Düreyd'in Maḳṣûra'nın şerhlerinden biridir. Eserin müellifi eṭ-Ṭaberî'nin ḥayatı eksiksiz olarak incelenip ismi, lakabı, nesebi, doğumu, yetişmesi, hocaları, öğrencileri, yazdığı kitapları, vefatı, dönemi, şerhindeki metodu, eṭ-Ṭaberî'nin şerhinin, Maḳṣûra'nın şerhleri arasındaki yeri, yazmanın önemi açıklandı, nüsḫaların tarifi yapıldı, yazmanın eṭ-Ṭaberî 'ye nispeti ispat edildi, sonra onun ilmi tahkiki yapıldı.The subject of this study is the investigation and analysis of the manuscript named "al-Âyâtu'l-Maḳṣûra 'Ale'l-Ebyâti'l-Maḳṣûra ". The manuscript is one of the commentaries of Ibn Düreyd's Maḳṣûra, which Muhyiddîn 'Abdulḳâdir b. Muhammed et-Tabari annotated with the name "Sharhun li-Maḳṣûra Ibn Düreyd". The life of et-Tabari, the author of the work, was examined in full, and his name, nickname, lineage, birth, education, teachers, students, books he wrote, death, period, method in his commentary, the place of the commentary of et-Tabari among the commentaries of Maksura, the importance of writing was explained, the description of the copies was made, the proportion of the manuscript to et-Tabari was proved, and then its scientific investigation was made
Investigation of Abdulkadir b. Ebi'l Kasim el-Mekki's manuscript el-Muvaddıhu'l-Mu'arrifu Lima Eshkele 'Ale'bni'l-Musannif
No full textDoktora TeziBu araştırmanın konusu, el-Muvaddıhu’l-Mu‘arrif Lima Eşkele 'Ale'bni'lMusannif adlı yazma eserinin tahkikidir. Yazmanın yazarı Abdulkadir Ebi’l-Kasım
el-Mekkî (880/1475)’dir. Kitap, nahiv hakkındadır. O, İbnu’n-Nâẓım’ın, İbn
Malik’in Elfiye’sine yaptığı şerhe haşiyedir. Yazar kitapta nahiv baplarının çoğunu
zikretmiş ve vakf babına kadar ulaşmıştır. İhtilaf bulunan nahiv meseleleriyle
ilgilenmiştir.
Yazarın bu kitabı yazmaktaki amacı, İbnu’n-Naẓım şerhindeki karışıklık,
anlaşmazlık ve kapalılığı gidermektir. Yazar -amacına ulaşmak için- ilmî ve özenli
bir yöntem izlemiştir. Uslubu, kolay ve açıktır.
Yapılan çalışma, bu yazma eserin tahkiki ve incelenmesidir.Yazarın
biyografisi hazırlandı. Hayatı, eserleri ve yaşadığı dönem belirtildi. Kitabındaki
yöntemi, yazma eserin kendisine nispetinin sıhhatı açıklandı. Nüsḫalar tanıtılıp
aralarında karşılaştırmalar yapıldı.The study of this research is a review of the manuscript entitled el-Mekki's
manuscript el-Muvaddıhu'l-mu'arrifu Lima Eshkele 'ale'bni'l-Musannif by
Abdulkadir Ebi'l-Kasim el-Makki (1475 AD / 880 H). The book is about grammar. It
is the annotation of Ibnu'n-Nâzım's commentary on Ibn Malik's Elfiye in which the
author mentioned most of the grammatical chapters and reached the door of the
endowment and was concerned with grammatical issues.
The author's goal of this book is to remove the ambiguity contained in the
explanation of Ibn al-Nazim, and the author has followed -in order to reach his goal- a precise scientific approach, so his style was easy and clear.
I worked on an investigation and study of this manuscript, and I have made a
thorough translation of the author, mentioning his life, effects and era, then I showed
his approach in his book, the validity of the manuscript's attribution to him, and I
described the copies and compared them
Theoretical calculations of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance parameters of liquid phase Orotic acid radical
No full text32nd International Physics Congress of Turkish-Physical-Society (TPS) -- SEP 06-09, 2016 -- Bodrum, TURKEYTo obtain liquid phase molecular structure, conformational analysis of Orotic acid was performed and six conformers were determined. For these conformations, eight possible radicals were modelled by using Density Functional Theory computations with respect to molecular structure. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance parameters of these model radicals were calculated and then they were compared with the experimental ones. Geometry optimizations of the molecule and modeled radicals were performed using Becke's three-parameter hybrid-exchange functional combined with the Lee-Yang-Parr correlation functional of Density Functional Theory and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets in p-dioxane solution. Because Orotic acid can be mutagenic in mammalian somatic cells and it is also mutagenic for bacteria and yeast; it has been studied.Turkish Phys So
Theoretical calculations of EPR parameters of gas phase hydracrylonitrile radical
No full text32nd International Physics Congress of Turkish-Physical-Society (TPS) -- SEP 06-09, 2016 -- Bodrum, TURKEYAs a result of detailed conformational search of the hydracrylonitrile, four different conformers of molecule have been obtained. For these conformations, eleven possible radicals were modelled by using density functional theory (DFT) computations vial respect to molecular structure. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance parameters of these model radicals were calculated and then they were compared with the experimental ones. Geometry optimizations of the molecule and modeled radicals were calculated by B3LYP method using 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets in gas phase.Turkish Phys So
Ibrahim el-Antaki's divan called Burhanul-Burhan-examination and verification
No full textDoktora TeziBu araştırma, Arap ve İslam kültür mirasına katkı sağlamak amacıyla, şair İbrahim el-Antaki'nin (H. 926-M. 1520) "Burhanu'l-Burhan" adlı divanının yazma nüshasını incelemektedir. Başka bir eseri bulunmayan ve çok tanınmayan yazarın bu eseri, araştırmacılar ve muhakkikler tarafından yeterince ele alınmamıştır. Yazarın şiirleri dönemin toplumsal yapısını, halk kültürünü, geleneklerini ve karakteristik özelliklerini yansıtmasına rağmen, eser uzun süre yazarına atfedilmemiştir. Divan, dönemin toplumsal entelektüel seviyesini ortaya koyması ve günümüz kültürüyle karşılaştırma imkânı sunması bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Araştırmada bilimsel inceleme ilkeleri ve tahkik kuralları çerçevesinde yazarın biyografisi, eserin yazara aidiyeti, divanın anlaşılmayan kasidelerinin ve aruz vezinlerinin tespiti, divandaki aruz, dil ve gramer hatalarının tashihi ile şiirlerdeki Beyan ve Bediî sanatlarının özellikleri incelenmiştir.This research examines the manuscript of the divan named "Burhanu'l-Burhan" by poet Ibrahim al-Antaki (H. 926-A.D. 1520) in order to contribute to the Arab and Islamic cultural heritage. This work of the author, who has no other works and is not very well known, has not been sufficiently studied by researchers and scholars. Although the author's poems reflect the social structure, folk culture, traditions and characteristic features of the period, the work has not been attributed to its author for a long time. The divan is important in terms of revealing the social intellectual level of the period and providing an opportunity for comparison with today's culture. In the research, the following issues were addressed within the framework of scientific examination principles and investigation rules: the author's biography, the work's belonging to the author, the detection of the divan's incomprehensible odes and aruz meters, the correction of aruz, language and grammar errors in the divan, and the characteristics of the arts of Beyan and Bediî in the poems were examined
Three-Year Evaluation of Nosocomial Infection Rates of the ICU
No full textAbstractBackground and objectivesEvaluating the incidence of nosocomial and invasive device-related infections enables the comparison of the health care associated infection (HAI) between the intensive care units of different hospitals and different units in the same hospital.Material and methodsA retrospective surveillance study was performed to identify nosocomial infections, device-related infections rates, and causal agents from January 2007 through December 2010 in the Anesthesiology Intensive care unit (ICU). HAI were defined according to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) criteria, and invasive device-related infections were defined according to National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (NNIS) criteria.ResultsDuring a two-year period, 939 patients were analyzed throughout a total of 7,892 patientdays. The rates of HAI were 53% in 2007, 29.15% in 2008, 28.85% in 2009 while 16.62% in 2010. Most common HAI was blood stream infection. The rate of soft tissue and skin infection was the second most common. Overall, the most common agents were Gram(−) 56.68%, Gram(+) 31.02% and Candida spp 12.3% among patients with nosocomial infections.ConclusionsThe incidence of HAI in the ICU of our hospital was high, compared to the Turkish overall rates obtained at the Refik Saydam Center in 2007. When the rates of device-related infections between 2007 and 2008 were compared, they were higher in 2007. The rates of devicerelated infections were diminished in 2008 to below-national mean rates by infection control measures. Since the rate of urinary catheter-related infections are still high, we should exert continuous efforts for infection control
İbnu’l-Mu‘tez ve Kitabu’l-bedΑ Adlı Eseri
No full textYüksek Lisans Tezi.İbnu’l-Mu‘tez ve Kitabu'l-Bedî‘ adlı eseri adındaki bu çalışma, giriş ve iki
bölümden oluşmaktadır.
Giriş kısmında Arap dilinin doğuşu ve tarihi süreçteki gelişimi anlatılmıştır.
Bununla birlikte bu kısımda belagat ilmi ve bu ilmin alt başlıkları özet olarak
incelenmiştir.
Birinci bölümde el-bedî‘ adlı eserin müellifi hakkında bilgi verilirken İbnu’l-
Mu‘tez’in yaşadığı dönem ve o dönemin siyasal-sosyal özellikleri kısaca anlatılmıştır.
İbnu’l-Mu‘tez’in hayatı, ilmî ve edebî şahsiyeti ve eserleri üzerinde durulmuştur.
İkinci bölümde ise eser genel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Eser hakkında genel
bilgilendirmelerden sonra eserin metodu ve ele aldığı konular bablar halinde verilmiştir.
İbnu’l-Mu‘tez, hicri III. asırda, Abbasi Devletinin II. evresi sayılan ve siyasi
karışıklığın yoğun olduğu bir dönemde yaşamıştır. Kitabu'l-Bedî‘, onun en önemli
eserlerindendir. Arap edebiyatında edebi sanatları inceleyen ilk müstakil eser olması
bakımından ayrı bir yere sahiptir.This study titled “Ibnu’l-Mu’tez and Kitabu’l-Bedî” consists of an introduction and
two chapters.
The introduction part tells about the birth and historical progress of the Arabic
language. This section, however, also abridges the science of eloquence and its
subheadings.
The first chapter provides information on the author of the book el-Bedi’. The
period of Ibnu’l-Mutez’s life, and the political-social properties of the era have been
briefly introduced. Then Ibnu’l-Mutez’s life, science, literary personality and books have
been dwelled upon. The second chapter evaluates the book with a general view. Pursuant
to a general briefing on the book, the method and subjects of the book have been
introduced in sections.
Ibnu’l-Mu’tez lived in an area of intense political chaos, which can be considered
the 2nd phase of the Abbasid State in the third century of hicrah. Kitabu’l-Bedi is one of his
most important books. It has its distinct place in Arabic literature because it is the first
dedicated book to examine literary arts
Strengthening the PSO algorithm with a new technique inspired by the golf game and solving the complex engineering problem
No full textThis study has been inspired by golf ball movements during the game to improve particle swarm optimization. Because, all movements from the first to the last move of the golf ball are the moves made by the player to win the game. Winning this game is also a result of successful implementation of the desired moves. Therefore, the movements of the golf ball are also an optimization, and this has a meaning in the scientific world. In this sense, the movements of the particles in the PSO algorithm have been associated with the movements of the golf ball in the game. Thus, the velocities of the particles have converted to parabolically descending structure as they approach the target. Based on this feature, this meta-heuristic technique is called RDV (random descending velocity) IW PSO. In this way, the result obtained is improved thousands of times with very small movements. For the application of the proposed new technique, the inverse kinematics calculation of the 7-joint robot arm has been performed and the obtained results have been compared with the traditional PSO, some IW techniques, artificial bee colony, firefly algorithm and quantum PSO. © 2021, The Author(s)
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