1,720,986 research outputs found
Discrimination, response bias, and context: An explanation for elusive environmental context effects in recognition memory
No full textEnvironmental context effects have not been consistently observed in studies of recognition memory. Several hypotheses have been generated to explain why this inconsistent pattern exists. Some hypotheses have focused on methodological issues, others concern how the environment is reinstated at test, and still others have focused on the nature of the contextual cues in relation to the cues associated with item information. A simpler hypothesis may explain this inconsistency and, in addition, suggest a novel approach with which to conceptualize context effects in recognition. This hypothesis focuses on the memory and decision components of recognition memory. Typically, context effects are found in hit and false-alarm rates and measures of response bias but not in measures of discrimination. From these findings, it appears as if context manipulations affect a person\u27s decision strategy about the stimuli rather than their memory for the stimuli. Decision strategy is measured through shifts in response-bias. Measures of response bias, however, are not usually reported in studies of context effects in recognition. Typically, the proportion of hits, and sometimes the proportion of false alarms, are reported to reflect memory performance in a changing-context situation. Without measures of discrimination and response bias, a complete explanation of context effects is not possible. The discrimination and response bias explanation suggests that context effects in recognition memory should be measured with hit and false-alarm rates, measures of discrimination, and measures of response bias to give a complete explanation for the context effects. Four experiments were conducted to examine this explanation of context effects in recognition. Two experiments attempted to replicate previous studies that have identified reliable context effects in hit and false-alarm rates. Two additional experiments directly manipulated response bias to further explore how changes in response bias affect hit and false-alarm rates in addition to measures of discrimination and response bias. The findings from these experiments suggest that response bias may be the factor underlying context effects in recognition, but directly manipulating response bias only changes overall performance. It does not change performance differentially between the same and different contexts
World Wide Web advertising: Exploring a new advertising environment
No full textThe World Wide Web currently boasts millions of users in the United States alone and will likely continue to expand as a marketplace and as an advertising environment. Six experiments explored advertising on the Web, in particular memory for advertisements as they appear in everyday use on the Web. Normative data, including brand name familiarity, was gathered in Experiment 1. The remaining experiments demonstrated that the recall of brand names promoted by banner advertisements is quite low in comparison to recall of the webpages that contained these advertisements. Experiment 2 demonstrated that recall of familiar brand names was superior to that of less familiar brand names. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the use of dynamic advertisements can result in greater brand name recall than does that of static advertisements, though only for familiar brand names. Experiment 4 demonstrated that repetition of a web-page can improve recall of the web-page but not of a brand name promoted by an advertisement within that web-page. However, Experiments 5 and 6 demonstrated that repetition of an advertisement within multiple webpages can improve recall of familiar brand names and recognition of unfamiliar brand names. Finally, data regarding Web usage confirmed reports that Web usage among males tends to exceed that among females
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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