262,552 research outputs found
Implementing funding modalities for free access: The case for a "purchasing fund system" to cover medical care
No full textThe principle of free access to ARVs was recognized in Senegal in 2003. Debate now focuses on its expansion to cover all therapeutic care (consultations, exams, treatment for opportunistic infections). Expenditures incurred by this complementary packet often impede access to care. The main difficulty does not really arise from the need for funding but rather from how this treatment is managed and its impact on the current financing systems. In fact, four types of possible funding exist: (1) provision in kind of products necessary for the consumption of free services; (2) providing equipment that allows other revenues in compensation for losses created by free access; (3) increased public budgetary grants; (4) reimbursement for services by a third party. In this last solution, the third party may be the State or an ad hoc organism (NGO, insurance, designated fund). The study compares these different modalities across specific conditions in Senegal and describes their possible impact on the present and future health system. In effect, this analysis fits into a much broader debate since the principle of free access has already expanded to other domains, particularly childbirth (2003) and care for the elderly (2006). The study shows that the multiplication of parallel supplies, the coexistence of various “free” stocks and insufficient accounting of services might create serious disturbances in current management and financing systems. On the other hand, invoice reimbursements set up in some districts by various partners preserve financial autonomy and strengthen the managerial capacities of health structures. Nevertheless, with the increased number of people who are treated and the expansion of free access to other services, there is a risk of letting the number of individual mechanisms multiply when common services would be more effective. Given the financial limitations of community financing schemes and the difficulties to develop insurance systems in a very informal economy, it is now necessary to envisage the implementation of “purchasing funds,” for which the study proposes basic guidelines. Based on the logic of insurance, they rely on purchasing a predetermined service package (contractualization and accreditation), using the sectoral approach (by “pooling” public, private and international resources), funding based on results (a payment for services rendered) and management that is independent of public budgetary blockages (with the participation of civil society). Complete medical treatment for PLWHA may be the best way to progressively start this process because the service package is clearly predetermined, its cost has been assessed and the number of beneficiaries, in a country like Senegal, is still low. Moreover, if proper management of this fund can be ensured, institutional sustainability will ensure its financial sustainability. Therefore the fight against HIV/AIDS could contribute to reflection on health system reform.VIH ; sida ; accès aux soins ; financement de la santé ; fonds d'achat ; gratuité ; Sénégal
Robust H_infinity Pointing Error Control for Free Space Optical Communication in a Controlled Weak Turbulence Condition
No full textRobust H_∞ Pointing Error Control for Free Space Optical Communications in a Controlled Weak Turbulence Condition
Wenqi Cai,1 Ibrahima Ndoye,1 Taous-Meriem Laleg 1
Estimation, Modeling and ANalysis group, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
I. MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVE
High requirement for good-alignment
Affected by atmospheric turbulence.
Objective-minimizing the pointing error: to maintain the center of the optical beam as close as possible to the center of the receiving aperture
Des champignons symbiotiques contre la désertification : écosystèmes méditerranéens, tropicaux et insulaires
No full textL'initiative sénégalaise d'accès aux médicaments antirétroviraux : analyses économiques, sociales, comportementales et médicales
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Protecting Animals 36: Author Witi Ihimaera
No full textIn this very special episode of Knowing Animals I am joined by beloved New Zealand author Witi Ihimaera. Witi has written many books featuring nonhuman animals. He offers us a non-colonial lens through which to think about the human/nonhuman relationship
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
L'initiative sénégalaise d'accès aux médicaments antirétroviraux : analyses économiques, sociales, comportementales et médicales
No full textAuthor in Essay by I. A. Goncharov “Pepiniere”
No full textFeatures of the embodiment of the author’s position in the essay by I. A. Goncharov “Pepiniere” are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the poorly studied poetics of this work. A review of the scientific literature on relevant topics is performed. Methodological and theoretical definitions are given. The scientific novelty of the article is in the fact that for the first time attention is paid to artistic techniques that allow to identify the author's position in the specified literary text. The author of the article grounds her opinion from the fact that, despite the dominance of the subjective point of view, other characters’ views stand out in the work. It is concluded in the study that the text of the work represents a biographical author and author-creator. It was established that the position of the author-creator is expressed through the title, epigraphs, which are quotes, as well as through different points of view, including the author-character, the author-narrator, the characters of the work. The author of the article dwells in detail on different ways of expressing the points of view of the author-character and the author-narrator. It is proved that the point of view of the author-character and the author-narrator can intersect, they are interchanged. The author's development of the term comic “point of view” is presented in the article
Espai i identitat en l'obra de Jordi Pere Cerdà. Una geografia literària cerdaniana
No full textL'obra de l'autor nord-català Jordi Pere Cerdà (1920-2011) teixeix una cartografia literària que abasta tota dimensió espacial -real, imaginada i ficcional. Les prospeccions que assagen els seus texts es fonen en el medi natural i rural, canten a l'amor, als veïns i als éssers fantàstics del folklore català, es comprometen amb els refugiats encarant-se a tota frontera i, també, a tot abisme interior i exterior que oprimesca l'ésser. El mapatge cognitiu i literari que crea Cerdà sobrepassa qualsevol obstacle per construir espais oberts i possibles, en comunió amb l'altre. Partint d'una aproximació teòrica geocrítica, aquest treball d'investigació aprofundeix en diverses nocions sobre l'espacialitat lligades a un context convuls, ple de transformacions a nivell socioeconòmic, polític, cultural i lingüístic, el qual determinarà la vida d'un autor i d'un territori transfronterer com el de la Cerdanya i la Catalunya del Nord. En definitiva, la rica experiència vital de Jordi Pere Cerdà ens permet reflexionar sobre les relacions que vulguem establir entre els individus i amb el nostre hàbitat natural i cultural, a fi d'esdevenir membres actius que participen de la transformació dels espais que configuren les nostres identitats.The work of the North Catalan author Jordi Pere Cerdà (1920-2011) weaves a literary cartography which reaches all spatial dimensions -real, imagined and fictional. The prospections proved by their texts merge with the natural and rural environment, sing to love, neighbours and the fantastic beings of the Catalan folklore. Such prospections also commit themselves with the refugees facing every frontier and, also, facing all interior and exterior abyss that oppresses the being. The cognitive and literary mapping created by Cerdà overcomes any obstacle to construct opened and possible spaces, in communion with the other. Based on the theoretical approach called geocriticism, this research study delves into various notions about spatiality linked to a convulsive context, full of transformations at a socioeconomic, political, cultural and linguistic level; these transformations will determine the life of an author and a cross-border territory such as Cerdagne and Northern Catalonia. In short, the rich experience of Jordi Pere Cerdà allows us to reflect on the relationships we want to establish between individuals, as well as between human groups and our natural and cultural habitat, in order to become active members that participate in the transformation of the spaces that make up our identities.Programa de Doctorat en Llengües Aplicades, Literatura i Traducci
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