325,498 research outputs found
Heterologous expression and enhanced production of β-1,4-glucanase of Bacillus halodurans C-125 in Escherichia coli
No full textBackground: Recombinant DNA technology enables us to produce proteins with desired properties and insubstantial amount for industrial applications. Endo-1, 4-β-glucanases (Egl) is one of the major enzyme involved in degradation of cellulose, an important component of plant cell wall. The present study was aimed at enhancing the production of endo-1, 4-β-glucanases (Egl) of Bacillus halodurans in Escherichia coli. Results: A putative Egl gene of Bacillus Halodurans was expressed in E. coli by cloning in pET 22b (+). On induction with isopropyl-b-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside, the enzyme expression reached upto ~20% of the cell protein producing 29.2 mg/liter culture. An increase in cell density to 12 in auto-inducing LB medium (absorbance at 600 nm) enhanced β-glucanase production up to 5.4 fold. The molecular mass of the enzyme was determined to be 39 KDa, which is nearly the same as the calculated value. Protein sequence was analyzed by CDD, Pfam, I TASSER, COACH, PROCHECK Servers and putative amino acids involved in the formation of catalytic, substrate and metal binding domains were identified. Phylogenetic analysis of the β-glucanases of B. halodurans was performed and position of Egl among other members of the genus Bacillus producing endo-glucanases was determined. Temperature and pH optima of the enzyme were found to be 60°C and 8.0, respectively, under the assay conditions. Conclusion: Production of endo-1, 4 β-glucanase enzymes from B. halodurans increased several folds when cloned in pET vector and expressed in E. coli. To our knowledge, this is the first report of high-level expression and characterization of an endo-1, 4 β-glucanases from B. halodurans.How to cite: Zeeshan N, Naz S, Naz S et al. Heterologous expression and enhanced production of β-1,4-glucanase of Bacillus halodurans C-125 in E. coli. Electron J Biotechnol 2018;34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.05.001. Keywords: Bacillus halodurans, Cellulases, Cellulose hydrolysis, Degradation of cellulose, Endo-1, 4-β-glucanases, Expression analysis, Heterologous expression, In silico protein characterization, IPTG, pET expression system, Plant cell wal
Rhythm in the narration of Adalet A ao lu
No full textKurmaca metinlerin yazar taraf ndan tasarlanan bir yap s vard r. Ritim, bu yap n n unsurlar aras ndad r. Bu çal mada ritmin edebi eserde nas l yer ald , yazar n anlat m na neler kazand rd üzerinde durulmaktad r. Bir yazar için amaç, metnin okunmas n sa lamakt r. Ritim, bir yandan okuyucuda estetik haz uyand r rken, bir taraftan da onu metnin içine çekerek okumada süreklilik sa lar. Okur zihninde ritim vas tas yla olu an ça r mlarla metne kat l m art r l r. Adalet A ao lu hikayelerinde okurun estetik haz almas için de çal r. Bunun için hikaye unsurlar n n belli düzende olmas na ve tekrarlar n ahengine dikkat eder.The fiction has a structure which is designed by the author. Rhythm is among the opponents of this structure. In this study, how rhythm is placed in the literature work, what kind of varieties it adds to the author s style will be emphasized. For the author, the important thing is to get their works read. Rhythm not only arouses aesthetic sense, but also fascinates the reader. With the help of the associations created by the rhythm, participation in the text is gained. Adalet A ao lu tries to give an aesthetic sense to her readers. In order to succeed in doing so, she gives importance to story s being in an order and harmony of the refrains
The situation and position of narrators in the stories of Memduh evket Esendal
No full textEdebi eserlerde yazar ad na anlat m gerçekle tiren bir anlat c vard r. Yazar anlat m daha etkileyici yapmak için anlat c vas tas yla tasvirler yapar. Metin içinde anlat c lar n bak aç s ve konumu tasvirlere okur kar s nda farkl bir de er kazand r r. Anlat c n n olaylara yak nl veya uzakl , anlat m n içinde ya da d nda olmas okurun metne bak n ve esere olan ilgisini ekillendirir. Okur, tasvirin kim taraf ndan yap ld n , kimin bak aç s ndan verildi ini dikkate al r. Bir kurmaca metin tasvirler aç s ndan da incelenirse daha iyi de erlendirme yapmak mümkün olacakt r. Tasvirlerin güvenilirli i metnin güvenilirli ini gösterir. Anlat c n n durumu ve konumu yazar okur yak nla mas nda önemli bir nokta olarak görülür. Hikâyelerini inceledi imiz Memduh evket Esendal, güvenilir tasvirler yapm , tasvirleri ço u zaman olay, ki i ve nesneleri daha iyi anlamak için tamamlay c unsur olarak kullanm t r.In literature works, there is a narrator who narrates the story in behalf of the author. The author use depictions via narrator in order to have a powerful style. The perspective of the narrators in the text makes the depictions more effective in the eyes of the reader. The narrator s being in or out; far or close to the story shapes the attraction and perspective of the reader. The reader takes the one who depict and whose perspective it is into consideration. When a fiction is looked through from the angle of depiction it is possible to have a more reliable evaluation. The reliability of depictions means the text s reliability. The position of the narrator is seen as a significant point in meeting of writer-reader. Memduh Sevket Esendal, whose works have been scrutinized through this work, used depictions as an auxiliary opponent in order to have a better understanding of characters and objects
Tar k Bu ra'n n hikaye dilinde ironi
No full textlî makalede hikayeci-okur ili kisinde devrede olan bir uygulamadan söz edilecektir. Yazar hikaye metnini kurarken okuru dikkate al r. lerleyen sayfalarda esere olan ilgiyi canl tutmak iyin «kuru sarsacak, a rtacak, güliimsetecek noktalan anlat ma katar. Bu yerlerde ilgi artar. Anlat larda ironik anlat m, yazarlar n s k s k kulland bir yöntemdir. Hikaye dilinde ironik anlat m, okur tepkisini çeken bir özellik ta r. Hikaye metni okurla bütünle ti i bu anlarda kal c l k kazan r ve dal a etkili olmaya ba lar. ronik dille okur muhayyilesinde gizli metnin nas l olu tu u ve zenginle ti i anla lm , Tar k fiu ra'n n hikaye dilinde de bu yöntemin önemli bir yer tuttu u görülmü tür. Onun bir hikayesinden hareketle, yöntemin kullan l ve dile katk s sunulmaya çal lacakt r.In this article, an up-to-date implementation in the narrator-reader relationship is to be mentioned. The author takes the reader into consideration when they settle the content. While writing further, they involve aspects which make the reader shocked, surprised and smiled. At these points, attention is drawn. Irony is a mostly used technique in In narrations, irony draws attention of the reader. The content gets to he into the readers and becomes more effective. In the work of Tarik Bugra it is seen that the images are settled and richened as a hidden content in the minds of the reader. Sampling one of the Works of Bugra, the use and contribution of the technique are to be presented
Parametric transfer in a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator
No full textThe conditions for high fidelity parametric transfer of the pulse shape of a near-infrared pump pulse to a mid-infrared idler pulse of a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator are investigated theoretically and experimentally
Supplément grec 199
No full textCÆSARIUS S. Gregorii Naz. frater. Quæstiones et responsionesNumérisation effectuée à partir d'un document de substitution.Cæsarii, S. Gregorii Nazianzeni fratris, quæstiones et responsione
The technique of influx of consciousness and internal monologue in the story book "bu böyledir" (this is so) of Mustafa Kutlu
No full textEdebi eserlerde duygu ve dü ünceler farkl anlat m teknikleriyle okura ula t r l r. Her anlat m yöntemi sanatç ya de i ik ifade imkanlar sunar. Bilinç ak ve iç monolog tekni i ile yazar, söylemek istediklerini roman veya hikaye ki ileri vas tas yla ifade eder. Bu tekniklerle yap lan anlat mlarda, okuyucu arac s z bir ekilde olay ki ilerini izledi i için daha inand r c bir edebi metinle iç içe oldu unu dü ünür. Hikaye yazar , bu yöntemlerle okurun metin üzerinde dü ünmesini, ça r mlarla me gul olmas n , metni tamamlama sürecine dahil olmas n sa lar. Anlat c n n aradan çekildi i, anlat ma çok az müdahil oldu u bu anlat m tekniklerinde az sözle çok ey ifade etme hedefi vard r. Okuyucu, yazar n anlatmak istediklerini iirsel bir anlat m içinden alarak kavramaya çal r. Sembollerle imgelerle ve ça r mlarla zenginle tirilmi bir anlat m elde etmek için bu tür tekniklerin kullan ld anla l r. Bu makalede anlat m tekniklerinden bilinç ak ve iç monolog tekniklerinin anlat ma katt özellikler ve yazar n bu teknikleri seçme sebeplerinin neler olabilece i üzerinde durulmu tur.In literary works, feelings and thoughts are conveyed to readers in different techniques of expression, each of which provides an artist with the possibility of different statements. With the technique of stream of conscience and internal monologue, the author expresses whatever he or she wants to say through the characters in his/her book. In expressions with such a technique, the reader comes to think that he or she is faced with a more convincing literary work, because the reader follows the characters without an intermediary help. The story writer enables the reader to ponder about the text, be busy with associations as well as to get involved in the process of the completion of the text. Such techniques of expression in which the story-teller plays very little intermediary role in expression and leave the reader all by himself aim to express much with few words. The reader tries to comprehend whatever the writer wishes to say from within a poetical expression. It becomes clear that such techniques are used to produce an expression made rich with symbols, images and associations. This article deals with what characteristics are provided by such techniques as the stream of conscience and internal monologue, techniques of expression, for the expression as well as with the reasons why the writer has chosen these techniques
Syncheilaxonchium Coomans & Nair 1975, n. comb.
No full textGenus Syncheilaxonchium Coomans & Nair, 1975 Coomans and Nair (1975) proposed the subgenus Syncheilaxonchium as one of the subgenera of the genus Axonchium Cobb, 1920 and differentiated it from other subgenera of this genus mainly in the presence of a continuous lip region with amalgamated lips. They (l.c.) designated Axonchium (Syncheilaxonchium) rotundum Thorne, 1964 as the type species and also included A. (S.) amalgans Thorne, 1939; A. (S.) asacculum Siddiqi, 1968; A. (S.) baldum Thorne, 1964; A. (S.). coomansi Nair, 1975; A. (S.). deconincki Nair, 1975; A. (S.) indicum Siddiqi, 1964 and A. (S.). nairi Altherr, 1974 under this subgenus. Andrássy (2009), while raising this subgenus to generic rank, transferred Axonchium banaticum Popovici, 1990 (= Syncheilaxonchium banaticum (Popovici, 1990) Andrássy, 2009) and Axonchium perplexans Siddiqi, 1995 (= Syncheilaxonchium perplexans (Siddiqi, 1995) Andrássy, 2009) to Syncheilaxonchium without giving any reason. Although A. banaticum has a continuous lip region and suitably fits under the generic diagnosis of Syncheilaxonchium; A. perplexans, because of its offset lip region, does not. Naz et al. (2007) described Axonchium sturhani and Axonchium parassaculum, from New Zealand and Ahmad & Naz (2010 b) described Axonchium singaporense from Singapore. These three species have a continuous lip region with amalgamated lips. The main distinguishing character between these two genera is the nature of the lip region:, Axonchium has an offset lip region and partly or distinctly separate lips whereas the lip region is continuous in Syncheilaxonchium and the lips are completely amalgamated. Because of the presence of continuous lip region with amalgamated lips, the above three species completely fit under the generic diagnosis of Syncheilaxonchium and hence are being transferred here to the genus Syncheilaxonchium as Syncheilaxonchium sturhani (Naz et al., 2007) n. comb.; S. parassaculum (Naz et al., 2007) n. comb. and S. singaporense (Ahmad & Naz, 2010 b) n. comb. With the transfer of these three species, the total number of valid species under Syncheilaxonchium comes to twelve. Diagnosis. Small to large-sized (0.9–2.9 mm) nematodes; body almost straight to open C-shaped upon fixation. Cuticle usually smooth which appears finely transversely striated at higher magnification; lateral chords with or without distinct glandular bodies. Lip region rounded, continuous with body conour; lips amalgamated. Odontostyle short fusiform; guiding ring usually simples; odontophore rod-like with thickened walls, usually equal to odontostyle length. Anterior part of pharynx more or less muscular, separated from the postertior part by deep constriction or a short isthmus. Female genital system mono-opisthodelphic with or without prevulval sac. Vulva transverse; pars refringens vaginae absent. Males with well-developed massive, straight to ventrally arcuate spicules; sclerotised, rod-like lateral guiding pieces with distal bifid ends and spaced ventromedian supplements. Tail bluntly rounded or slightly clavate, similar in sexes. Type species: Syncheilaxonchium rotundum (Thorne, 1964) Coomans & Nair, 1975 = Axonchium rotundum Thorne, 1964Published as part of Naz, Tabbasam & Ahmad, Wasim, 2012, Description of two new and five known species of the genus Axonchium Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Dorylamida) from India with diagnostic compendia and keys to species of the genera Axonchium and Syncheilaxonchium Coomans & Nair, 1975, pp. 1-37 in Zootaxa 3264 on page 35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21507
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