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Nathan Edward Kendall
No full textAn obituary for Nathan Edward Kendall, politician and member of the Republican State Committee from 1893 to 1898
Nathan Edward Kendall
Get PDFAn obituary for Nathan Edward Kendall, politician and member of the Republican State Committee from 1893 to 1898
Nathan Edward Kendall
No full textAn obituary for Nathan Edward Kendall, politician and member of the Republican State Committee from 1893 to 1898
Nathan Edward (Ed) Tolbert
No full textNathan Edward (Ed) Tolbert was born May 19, 1919 on a farm outside Twin Falls, Idaho. His interest and love for plant biochemistry stemmed in great part from this background. His first two college years were spent at Idaho State University, but he completed his undergraduate degree in chemistry at the University of California-Berkeley. After graduation, Tolbert took a job as a research technician in the Enology Department at the University of California-Davis. He enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Force in 1943 and became an officer. After World War II, Tolbert obtained his Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It was here where Tolbert developed an interest in photosynthesis. After a brief stint with the Atomic Energy Commission he decided to return to research at the Oak Ridge National Laboratories in Tennessee. In 1958, Tolbert joined MSU in the newly established Department of Biochemistry. Along with Willis Wood, Tolbert helped design the Biochemistry Building, completed in 1964. Scientifically, Tolbert focused on large issues including the air we breathe, food we eat, and CO2 and O2 production and balance. In 1984 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. He passed away on December 13, 1998
Neurally Released Nitric Oxide does not Oppose Reflex Cholinergic Contraction of Airway Smooth Muscle in Dogs
No full textWhen afferent nerve endings in the airway detect a foreign substance, centrally mediated reflexes, acting through cholinergic parasympathetic efferents, contract airway smooth muscle. It has been proposed that these efferents also release nitric oxide, which relaxes airway smooth muscle, and that hyperresponsiveness in exercise induced asthma is due to a lack of neuronal nitric oxide release. Thus, we hypothesized that the removal of nitric oxide synthesis in healthy canine airways would cause reflex cholinergic contraction to go unopposed and allow airway smooth muscle to contract more readily.|We measured changes in central airway resistance in a-chloralose anesthetized, artificially ventilated dogs in response to the afferent nerve stimuli hypertonic saline (1ml, into a lobar bronchus) and capsaicin (injected into right atrium).|The first part of our study demonstrated that changes in airway resistance to hypertonic saline and capsaicin are neurally mediated. We compared changes in airway resistance to hypertonic saline and capsaicin before and after administration of the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (1mg/kg, i.v.). Before atropine, hypertonic saline increased airway resistance by 1.0±.3 cmH20/L/sec. Similarly, capsaicin increased airway resistance by 2.3±.9 cmH20/L/sec. However, after atropine, airway resistance did not increase to either hypertonic saline or capsaicin (A=0.4±.1 cmH20/L/sec and 0.3±.1 cmH20/L/sec respectively). These results confirm the role of cholinergic parasympathetic efferent nerves in mediating airway smooth muscle contraction to hypertonic saline and capsaicin.|We then established dose response relationships between the afferent nerve stimulation and changes in airway resistance. We compared changes in airway resistance to three concentrations of saline (0.9%, 3.6% and 7.2%) and capsaicin (100pg, 200pg and 300pg). Isotonic saline, which does not stimulate afferent nerves, did not increase airway resistance (A=0.4±.1 cmH20/L/sec). However, 3.6% and 7.2% hypertonic saline injections increased airway resistance in a dose dependent manner (0.9±,2 cmH20/L/sec and 1.6±.4 cmH20/L/sec, respectively). Similarly, airway resistance increased to capsaicin in a dose dependent manner (0.9±.3 cmH20/L/sec to 100pg, 2.0±.7 cmH20/L/sec to 200pg and 3.2±1.2 cmH20/L/sec to 300pg). Therefore, because changes in airway resistance were observed only when afferent nerves were stimulated and only before muscarinic receptor blockade, we conclude that changes in airway resistance to hypertonic saline and capsaicin are neurally mediated.|We determined the role of neurally released nitric oxide on reflex contraction of airway smooth muscle by comparing changes in central airway resistance to hypertonic saline and capsaicin before and after nitric oxide synthesis inhibition in 17 dogs. Before nitric oxide synthesis inhibition, airway resistance increased by 1.4±.2 cmH20/L/sec to hypertonic saline (7.2%, 1 ml) and by 1.6±.5 cmH20/L/sec to capsaicin (200pg). We then blocked nitric oxide synthesis with nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME i.v.) and repeated stimuli injections. During L-NAME the changes in airway resistance to hypertonic saline and capsaicin were not increased (0.9±.1 cmH20/L/sec; p=0.04 and 2.1 ±.6 cmH- 20/l_/sec; p=0.12, respectively).|L-NAME increased systemic blood pressure, activating the baroreceptor reflex, which relaxes airway smooth muscle. Therefore, we infused sodium nitroprusside to restore pre-L-NAME arterial pressure and repeated the stimuli injections. After baseline nitric oxide levels were restored, the change in airway resistance was not increased to hypertonic saline (A=0.9±.2 cmH20/L/sec) or capsaicin (A=2.0±.6 cmH20/L/sec).|Hypertonic saline increased airway resistance more in some dogs than in others. It may have been that dogs with larger responses to hypertonic saline were hyperresponsive. If hyperresponsiveness was due to a lack of neuronal nitric oxide release, blockade of nitric oxide synthesis would have no effect on the ‘most responsive’ dogs. The ‘less responsive’ dogs may have had healthy airways that released nitric oxide and thus would show larger increases in resistance after L-NAME. In the ‘less responsive’ dogs (n=8), the response to hypertonic saline was not increased during L-NAME (1.1 ±.2 cmH20/L/sec before L-NAME; 0.6±.1 cmH20/L/sec during L-NAME; p=0.09). Nor was response increased during L-NAME and sodium nitroprusside (A=0.71±.2 cmH20/L/sec).|Similarly, L-NAME had no effect on the change in resistance to hypertonic saline in the ‘most responsive’ dogs (A=1.9±.4 cmH20/L/sec before L-NAME, 1.2±.3 cmH20/L/sec during L-NAME). After administration of sodium nitroprusside the change in airway resistance to hypertonic saline was not increased (1.2±.3 cmH20/Usec).|Therefore, because the change in airway resistance was not increased after blocking nitric oxide synthesis, we concluded that neurally released nitric oxide does not oppose reflex cholinergic contraction of airway smooth muscle in dogs.|The reflex effects of rapidly adapting receptor stimulation on airway smooth muscle are disputed. Therefore to clarify the effects of rapidly adapting receptor stimulation, we compared the change in airway resistance when rapidly adapting receptors and C-fibers are directly stimulated with hypertonic saline to the change in airway resistance when C-fibers are directly stimulated with capsaicin. From this comparison, we deduced the effect of rapidly adapting receptor stimulation on airway smooth muscle. We chose dogs with a similar change in heart rate to 7.2% hypertonic saline and 100pg capsaicin. Stimulation of both rapidly adapting receptors and C-fibers with hypertonic saline increased airway resistance more than stimulation of C-fibers only with capsaicin (A=1.4±.4 cmH20/L/sec to hypertonic saline 0.5±.3 cmH20/L/sec to capsaicin).|Thus, for a similar level of afferent nerve stimulation, activation of both rapidly adapting receptors and C-fibers increases airway resistance more than activation of C-fibers alone. Therefore, stimulation of rapidly adapting receptors may contribute to the bronchoconstrictor response to hypertonic saline.ProQuest Traditional Publishing Optionxiii, 83 page
Schenker's Brahms Analyses in the Oster Collection of the New York Public Library
No full textIn 2 volumesAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DXN059787 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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