124,913 research outputs found
Assessing the impact of rice policy changes in Viet Nam and the contribution of policy research:
No full textThe marketing and policy research on rice of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is described, and the conclusions and recommendations are discussed in the context of the decisionmaking processes in Viet Nam. The role of IFPRI's publication and communications in informing the policy environment are discussed. The author describes the perceptions of partners and stakeholders of the influence of the outcomes of the IFPRI project. They show that the research was regarded as being of high quality, independent, rigorous, and timely. A strong foundation of primary and secondary data gathering and analysis from Viet Nam gave the modeling work on policy options a high degree of credibility among key policymakers. Linking the spatial equilibrium model with income distribution analysis based on national household surveys allowed IFPRI to satisfy policymakers that relaxing rice export quotas and internal trade restrictions on rice would not adversely impact on regional disparities and food security and would have beneficial effects on farm pricesand poverty, giving a degree of confidence to policymakers that relaxing the controls would be in Viet Nam's national interest. They made these decisions earlier than would have been the case without the IFPRI research. A framework for the evaluation of policy research and advice is described, which explicitly recognizes the possibility of alternative suppliers of these two components to IFPRI. The framework is used to assess the impact of IFPRI's research with Viet Nam on alternative internal and external trade policies for rice in that country. The policy assessment framework is used to measure the economic impact of the policy changes, and the contribution of IFPRI's work with Viet Nam on the policies from 1995–97. Around 40 percent of the contribution of IFPRI is estimated to have accrued to the rest of the world as Viet Nam is now a major player in world rice trade.Research., Agricultural policies., Rice., Viet Nam., Vietnam, Impact assessment,
Performance of export-oriented small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in Viet Nam
No full textThe study recommends the formulation of policies that support the development of business linkages and networking, and which promote subcontracting arrangements between small and large enterprises or between domestic firms and foreign investment enterprises. It is also necessary to support and facilitate the direct involvement of SMMEs in exporting or indirectly through large manufacturing enterprises.Export-oriented, SME,SMME, Viet Nam
Managing Success in Viet Nam: Macroeconomic Consequences of Large Capital Inflows with Limited Policy Tools
No full textViet Nam has experienced spectacular economic growth over the past decade, in part the result of massive foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. Although much has been written on the impacts of FDI in developing countries, previous studies have generally ignored macroeconomic consequences in cost-benefit assessments. These macroeconomic aspects can be particularly important in transitional economies like Viet Nam, where some of the tools for macroeconomic stabilization may be blunt or unavailable. First, capital inflow growth needs to be accommodated by real exchange rate appreciation. In dollarized economies like Viet Nam, the nominal exchange rate cannot be relied upon to deliver it, so inflation usually results. In these economies, it is also difficult for the central bank to conduct open market operations to sterilize large capital inflows or mop up excess liquidity. Again, this could feed inflation. The combination of a young and inexperienced banking system and an investment-hungry state-owned enterprises (SOE) sector only exacerbates the situation, and increases the risk of imbalances that could result in crisis.capital inflow; macroeconomic adjustment; FDI; real exchange rate; Viet Nam
Health and access to health services of rural-to-urban migrant populations in Viet Nam
No full textViet Nam has increasing internal migration since the Renovation (Doi Moi) in 1986. Migration flows – particularly rural-to-urban migration – have positive and negative effects to migrants, their family, and socio-economics in their places of origin and of destination. On the one hand, migration is an opportunity for improving wages of migrants, for ensuring economic security of their family, and for contributing to social and economic developments of the country. On the other hand, migration bears risks to migrants – especially health-related risks – and pressures on infrastructure development and social services at destinations. Many studies on health issues of migrants suggested that rural-to-urban migrants are more vulnerable to ill-health and have less access to health services than non-migrants. However, studies up to date did not use population-based and comparative approaches between migrant and non-migrant populations nor validated study tools. The studies of this dissertation examined the health status of non-migrants and 03 groups of rural-to-urban migrants: migrants working in industrial zones (IZ), migrants working in private small enterprise (PSE), and seasonal migrants. In addition, studies have assessed the access to health services and identified barriers to the access of migrants.
The dissertation used a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach in four subsequent study phases. Phase 1 analyzed secondary data from the 1989, 1999, and 2009 national censuses to characterize trends and patterns of rural-to-urban migration in Viet Nam. We could show that inter-provincial migration flows have changed dramatically over time. There was an increase in relative and absolute migration flows, an inversion of the male-female ratio with higher proportions of women in 2009 than in previous years, and a decrease in the average age of migrants. We could also confirm the relationship between migration and provincial socio-economic status (i.e. monthly income per capita) and urbanization (i.e. proportion of urban population). These findings reflect an unequally growing labor market in Vietnamese provinces. The increase of migration flows challenges the national health system to ensure access to health care services and health insurances, as well as to develop health services adapted to these populations.
In Phase 2 we have evaluated the health status of migrants by using the Short Form 36 version 2 (SF-36v2). The SF-36v2 is a validated and widely used health status assessment form. In this phase, we have also compared health status and the access to health services of migrants with those of non-migrants. Findings confirmed the reliability of the Vietnamese SF-36v2. Findings also showed that seasonal migrants were more likely to have physical ill-health than other groups, while migrants working in IZ were more likely to have mental ill-health than non-migrants and other migrant populations. Health insurance registration was an important factor related to the utilization of health care services and migrants were less likely to use health services than non-migrants in the same municipalities.
Among migrant populations, seasonal migrants had the lowest health service utilization frequency. Indeed, low income is the main obstacle of the utilization of health care services for seasonal migrants. The outcomes of this are that they pay less attention to their health, attend in available health programs at the destination, and are less health care insured. These, in return, encourage self-treatment of seasonal migrants.
Findings from Phase 1 and Phase 2 also showed that female migrants accounted for the highest proportion of the whole migrant population. They faced many health risks, particularly reproductive health of female migrants working in IZ. Phase 3, therefore, focused on the evaluation of access to health services for reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among female migrants working in IZ. Findings of this phase showed that health insurance was an important factor influencing the utilization of health services, but also social-cultural factors such as traditional norms – that integrate reproductive health problems with sexual relationship. The latter led to shame of female migrants to seek health services for RTIs and other reproductive health services. Finally, in Phase 4, we have designed an intervention proposal for improved utilization of reproductive health services for female migrants aged 18-49 working in IZ in Viet Nam. This intervention program will use available resources and should increase health insurance coverage and their application to reproductive health care services of female migrants. It also aims to increase knowledge of these health issues and possibilities of the access to health care services of female migrants.
Based on the findings of my dissertation, I could formulate recommendations for future interventions and research, for policy makers, health service providers at destination, employers of migrants, and migrants. Briefly, policy makers should recognize that migrants are vulnerable to ill-health, including both physical and mental health. For specific interventions such as reproductive health (e.g. RTIs) they are a priority group. Health service providers should integrate adapted health programs for migrants into their routine health programs, for example, periodic gynaecological examination programs, expanded program on immunization (EPI), and other health promotion programs – which better ensures sustainability of intervention programs. Employers should comply with laws of social and health insurance for employees, especially migrant employees. Moreover, they should strengthen the capacity of their health care units and collaborate with local health systems to provide health care services to migrant employees. Finally, migrants should register for temporary residence at the destination because this will provide them rights in accessing social and health services. Also, they should have knowledge about benefits of health insurance and available kinds of health insurances. Migrants should have better access to health promotion programs and pay more attention to their health
Ethnic Groups in the Valley of the Nam Song and the Nam Lik
No full textA report on the ethnic groups of Nam Song and Nam Lik valleys region in Laos.This is a somewhat condensed version of the article that originally appeared in The Japanese Journal of Ethnology^
Vol. 23, Nos. 1-2, 1959.
“Kế Hoạch Tứ Niên” của Mỹ và chính quyền Việt Nam Cộng Hòa trong âm mưu bình định miền Tây Nam Bộ (1972-1975)
No full textTừ năm 1969, sau thất bại của chiến lược “Chiến tranh cục bộ”, Mỹ đã triển khai ở miền Nam Việt Nam chiến lược “Việt Nam hóa chiến tranh” vói mục tiêu bình định miền Nam Việt Nam bằng người Việt Nam. Để thực hiện chiến lược “Việt Nam hóa chiến tran h ” và hoàn thành kế hoạch “bình định nông thôn” miền Nam, đế quốc Mỹ tăng cường viện trợ về kinh tế, quân sự, hiện đại hóa quân đội Việt Nam Cộng hòa. Mặt khác, Mỹ và chính quyền Việt Nam Cộng hòa đã thay đổi chiến lược “tìm diệt” bằng biện pháp “quét và giữ”, “phòng ngự chiều sâu”, đẩy mạnh chính sách bình định bằng chương trình “bình định cấp tốc” nhằm kiểm soát toàn bộ người dân và lãnh thổ miền Nam Việt Nam. “Quét giữ” (quét đến đâu, giữ đến đó) tức là tấn công đẩy lùi đôì phương và bình định để giành đất, giành dân, vơ vét của cải, nhân lực, vật lực, phục vụ chiến tranh. Giai đoạn này, khu vực ưu tiên bình định là địa bàn xung quanh Sài Gòn, đồng bằng sông Cửu Long, Khu 5 và Trị Thiên
Agriculture-based development
No full textAs in most low-income countries, the majority of the poor population in Viet Nam is found in rural areas, where agriculture provides the primary means of livelihood. It has been argued that an agriculture-based development (ABD) strategy is more appropriate for Viet Nam at the present time than both import-substitution and export-led industrialization, considering its effectiveness in generating income opportunities, directly and indirectly, for the rural population. Under the ABD strategy, increased public resources allocated to agriculture and the rural sector would lead to rising agricultural productivity and rural income that in turn would create a strong demand for increased nonagricultural production in the local economy, especially of labor-intensive industrial goods and services. It is in effect a decentralized, employment-generating industrialization strategy that can lead to favorable outcomes in overall income growth and distribution. The Central Region in Viet Nam is the least developed among the three macro-regions, the rapid economic expansion during the 1990s having been concentrated in the southern and northern areas. Because Central Viet Nam is even more heavily agricultural than the rest of the country, the argument for adopting an ABD strategy would seem to apply with greater force. In this paper we make use of SAM (social accounting matrix)multiplier analysis in examining quantitatively the comparative economy-wide repercussions of exogenous income increases in agriculture (such as that arising from productivity growth) in Central Viet Nam, paying particular attention to the effects on overall income growth and equity. The equity impact is evaluated in terms of the induced relative changes on the incomes of four households groups distinguished in the study. Some policy implications of the results are discussed, emphasizing the role of macroeconomic policies in helping promote equitable growth in Central Viet Nam.Industrialization Viet Nam. ,Macroeconomics Viet Nam. ,Income Viet Nam. ,Rural population. ,Production economics ,TMD ,
GLOBAL DEADLOCK DETECTION FOR CONCURRENCY-CONTROL IN MULTIDATABASE SYSTEMS
No full textWith regard to the global deadlock resolution in multidatabase systems, so far there has been no satisfactory mechanism that preserves both local site autonomy and global serializability at the same time whilst pursuing high degree of concurrency. However, local site autonomy should be essentially preserved since it is nearly impossible for end user to modify the existing local database systems (LDBSs) in order to federate such LDBSs into MDBSs [Moon 90]. Also, global serializability should be essentially preserved for correctness of MDBSs [Moon 90]. Deadlock detection potentially allows greater concurrency than deadlock prevention approaches [Davi 92]. Therefore, there is a real need for such a novel deadlock detection mechanism that high degree of concurrency can be achieved without loss of global serializability and local site autonomy in MDBSs
The emerging legal framework for private sector development in Viet Nam's transitional economy
No full textA major objective of Viet Nam's transition to a market economy has been to reactivate the private sector in a mixed economy. Several new laws have been introduced in the past five years to implement this policy and to create an enabling environment for the private sector. The author reviews some of the more important laws and regulations that affect Viet Nam's private sector activities, including laws on real property, intellectual property, companies, domestic investment, foreign investment, bankruptcy, contracts, and dispute resolution. Anti-monopoly law has not yet been introduced in Viet Nam. The issue of competition is addressed in the context of trade law, the relative roles of the state and private sector, and restrictions in company law. These areas all establish the foundation of a legal framework for a market economy. The author concludes that Viet Nam's legal framework, like China's, is still influenced by ideology, which causes problems in such areas as private ownership of real property and with such fundamental legal concepts as"due process of law."It is noted that the private sector is constrained by the lack of an independent judiciary, the absence of private land ownership, other uncertainties in property law that limit the develpoment of financial markets, and the inherent bias of the system in favor of the state sector (and collective ownership). Also noted is a law-abiding attitude, equally important to development has been slow to develop. The author goes on to point out that the foreign investment process is too complicated, and its company law too restrictive. A first priority should be to strreamline regulations, as well as liberalize trade policy and increase efforts in privatization of state enterprises. In this respect the author notes that export processing zones may be a useful interim instrument to attract foreign investment but should be phased out over time. More important in the long term is a good investment climate resting on a strong legal foundation.Legal Products,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Housing and Land,Municipal Financial Management,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Housing and Land,Legal Products,Municipal Financial Management
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