1,721,264 research outputs found

    La finanza di progetto e l'azionariato diffuso nella valutazione finanziaria di un progetto d'investimento

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    Molti progetti pubblici e/o di pubblica utilità garantiscono redditività tali da poter divenire oggetto di interesse per investitori privati. In tal caso, il project financing rappresenta strumento di finanziamento di estrema utilità per le pubbliche amministrazioni. Altro strumento che consente il coinvolgimento dei privati nella realizzazione e gestione di opere pubbliche è l’azionariato diffuso, o public company nella terminologia anglosassone. Si tratta di società con compagine sociale frazionata, la cui proprietà cioè è distribuita tra un numero elevato di azionisti. Il confronto tra la valutazione di una iniziativa d'investimento condotta con riguardo ad entrambi gli strumenti di finanziamento in discorso, permette di rilevarne reciproci vantaggi e svantaggi

    The role of discounting in energy policy investments

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    For informing future energy policy decisions, it is essential to choose the correct social discount rate (SDR) for ex-ante economic evaluations. Generally, costs and benefits—both economic and environmental—are weighted through a single constant discount rate. This leads to excessive discounting of the present value of cash flows progressively more distant over time. Evaluating energy projects through constant discount rates would mean underestimating their environmental externalities. This study intends to characterize environmental–economic discounting models cali-brated for energy investments, distinguishing between intra-and inter-generational projects. In both cases, the idea is to use two discounting rates: an economic rate to assess financial components and an ecological rate to weight environmental effects. For intra-generational projects, the dual discount rates are assumed to be constant over time. For inter-generational projects, the model is time-declining to give greater weight to environmental damages and benefits in the long-term. Our discounting approaches are based on Ramsey’s growth model and Gollier’s ecological discounting model; the latter is expressed as a function of an index capable of describing the performance of a country’s energy systems. With regards to the models we propose, the novelty lies in the calibration of the “environmental quality” parameter. Regarding the model for long-term projects, another innovation concerns the analysis of risk components linked to economic variables; the growth rate of consumption is modelled as a stochastic variable. The defined models were implemented to deter-mine discount rates for both Italy and China. In both cases, the estimated discount rates are lower than those suggested by governments. This means that the use of dual discounting approaches can guide policymakers towards sustainable investment in line with UN climate neutrality objectives

    The Effect of an Anticipated Perturbation on Gait Variability and Stability during Treadmill Walking in Young, Healthy Adults

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    Increased movement variability in quiet standing correlates with improved standing stability following a balance perturbation. It is unknown if this translates to gait. This study aimed to determine if increasing gait variability is a strategy to improve stability. We hypothesized that 1) spatio-temporal gait features will be more variable prior to an expected perturbation than during unperturbed walking, and 2) increased spatio-temporal gait variability pre-perturbation will correlate with improved stability post-perturbation. Sixteen healthy young adults completed 15 treadmill-walking trials under two conditions (unperturbed and an expected perturbation). Short- and long-term variability of step length, width, and time were calculated. Stability was defined as the number of steps to restabilization post-perturbation. Long-term step width variability was significantly higher pre-perturbation compared to unperturbed walking. There was no significant relationship between pre-perturbation variability and post-perturbation restabilization. These findings suggest that participants increased movement variability as an exploratory strategy in anticipation of a perturbation.M.Sc

    Intervalli di confidenza degli scenari nella valutazione d'investimento

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    La marcata instabilità del quadro sociale, economico e politico nel quale gli investimenti vengono attuati rende necessaria la verifica ex ante dell’esito dei progetti su un ventaglio di possibili scenari futuri, contraddistinti da un set di variabili strategiche. Il lavoro propone un criterio di definizione degli scenari evolutivi di un fenomeno basato sulla costruzione di intervalli di confidenza per la media di una popolazione, a partire da serie storiche correntemente reperibili. Una esemplificazione della procedura è effettuata per un’ipotesi di investimento immobiliare da realizzare in un ambito urbano

    Un’applicazione della programmazione lineare discreta alla definizione dei programmi di investimento

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    La necessità dell’allocazione efficace ed efficiente dei mezzi scarsi a disposizione degli investitori, nel contesto vigente di crescente limitatezza delle risorse, è ampiamente avvertita dagli operatori pubblici e privati. Ciò è confermato, da un lato, dai consistenti investimenti che le imprese private hanno fatto negli ultimi anni per sviluppare modelli e algoritmi finalizzati a ottimizzare l’impiego delle risorse e, dall’altro, dal proliferare di studi e ricerche per la messa a punto di strumenti a supporto delle decisioni della Pubblica Amministrazione e dell’attività dei suoi Nuclei di valutazione degli investimenti. È in questo quadro che si colloca il presente lavoro, nel quale è delineato e testato un modello per la definizione dei programmi di investimento, da adoperare nei casi particolarmente complessi. Costruito sulla teoria e sugli algoritmi della ricerca operativa, il modello consente di selezionare la combinazione di progetti da finanziare che, al tempo stesso, persegue nella misura massima gli obiettivi del programma e utilizza al meglio i finanziamenti disponibili. Vengono in tal modo ridotti al massimo i fondi marginali, che non possono essere impiegati e che in conseguenza devono ritornare all’ente finanziatore. Il modello definito fornisce, tra l’altro, la lista di priorità delle combinazioni di progetti che possono essere finanziate nel rispetto dei vincoli del sistema, lista ordinata sulla base del valore assunto – per ogni combinazione – dalla funzione di ritorno

    A probabilistic model for the estimation of declining discount rate

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    In the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) the traditional discount procedures determine a significant contraction of the financial terms that are furthest over time. This contraction is not acceptable in the economic evaluation of public projects with inter-generational effects, since it causes little appreciation of the net benefits for the future generations. The use of time-Declining Discount Rate (DDR) represents a possible solution to the problem. Following a critical analysis of the main methodologies that the theory describes, the study proposes an innovative model for the estimation of DDR. The model, based on principles widely recognized in literature, uses probabilistic laws and returns a simple-use forecasting algorithm, as uses economic and demographic data easy to find. The implementation for the Italian economy makes it possible to validate the model and makes it clear how significantly the results of the CBA can vary if a declining discount rate instead of a time-invariant rate is chosen. The important political repercussions on the entire allocation process of public resources demonstrate the effectiveness of hyperbolic discount procedures, suggesting to distinguish between constant discount rates for the evaluation of projects with intra-generational effects and time-declining discount rates for interventions with inter-generational implications

    An estimate model for the equalisation of real estate tax: A case study

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    As far as the common problem of countries fiscal equalisation is concerned, the specific topic of equalisation of real estate tax is of considerable importance, especially if the real property tax base is a function of the cadastral income and, at the same time, in cases the cadastral income does not express the real market value of the asset. Such a circumstance - pending a cadastral reform which aligns the cadastral value of assets with the corresponding market values - political and economic instruments, as well as adequate estimation algorithms, should be arranged in order to correlate the tax on real estate with the relative market value of the asset. In this regard, it is proposed a model able to consider the effect of the prevalent intrinsic features of the asset on its market value. Among the variables considered, is taken into account the energy class of the asset, which is increasingly important for the legislator in matter of politics of energy saving of a country. The effectiveness of the model, which requires the definition of a value function according to the evaluation logic of typical values procedure, is tested through an application to an urban area on municipal scale
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