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Heat production and error probability relation in Landauer reset at effective temperature
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Micro electro-mechanical logic device at fundamental energy limit
No full textIn 1961 Landauer argued that reset a bit of information requires a minimum energy expenditure of kBT ln 2. This quantity is directly related to the entropy reduction in the system. This famous claim was then extended to all logic operations when the entropy at the inputs is larger than the entropy at the outputs, i.e. logically irreversible operations. However, in certain situations, a reduction of information in terms of input/output does not lead to a reduction of the physical entropy in the device. In this article we show the implementation of a storage unit and a logic gate with a micro-electro-mechanical device and measure the energy dissipated during their operation. We show that while an entropy reduction in the device implies a finite heat production, logic irreversibility it is not always associated with physical irreversibility
Thermodynamic reversible transformations in micro-electro-mechanical systems
No full textIn this work we present accurate measurements of heat exchanged between a micro-electro-mechanical-system and a thermal bath. In particular we focus our attention in reversible transformations with the aim to arbitrarily lower the heat exchanged with the surrounding environment. As expected the limit of zero energy can only be reached in the quasi static regime, achieved approaching infinity slow transformations. Splitting the cycle used to achieve the reversible transformation we are able to directly measure the heat exchanged with the thermal bath for any variation of entropy in the system. In particular we are able to measure both positive and negative heat exchanged for protocols that reduce and increase the entropy respectively
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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