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PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN ATAS PENAMBAHAN BIAYA ONGKOS TRAVEL TANPA KESEPAKATAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM (Studi pada Jasa Travel Linggau Wisata Rute Kota Lubuklinggau Sumatera Selatan-Kota Bandar Lampung)
No full textABSTRAK
Penambahan biaya ongkos secara sepihak dalam jasa travel seringkali
menimbulkan ketidakjelasan dan kerugian bagi konsumen. Salah satunya pada
layanan perjalanan travel Linggau Wisata rute kota Lubuklinggau Sumatera
Selatan-kota Bandar Lampung, di mana biaya yang telah disepakati sebelumnya
sebesar Rp. 350.000, tiba-tiba ditambah dengan biaya tambahan sebesar Rp.
30.000 di tengah perjalanan dengan alasan untuk uang jalan tol. Praktik ini
menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang perlindungan konsumen dalam konteks transaksi
yang tidak transparan dan tidak sesuai dengan kesepakatan awal. Penelitian ini
menggunakan teori Ijarah (sewa-menyewa), yang mengatur mengenai hak dan
kewajiban kedua belah pihak dalam perjanjian sewa, termasuk di dalamnya soal
pembayaran harga yang telah di sepakati. Berdasarkan dari latar belakang masalah
tersebut rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana praktik
penambahan biaya ongkos travel tanpa kesepakatan pada jasa travel Linggau
Wisata rute kota Lubuklinggau Sumatera Selatan-kota Bandar Lampung dan
bagaimana perspektif hukum Islam terhadap perlindungan konsumen atas
penambahan biaya ongkos travel tanpa kesepakatan pada jasa travel Linggau
Wisata rute kota Lubuklinggau Sumatera Selatan-kota Bandar Lampung.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetaui dan menganalisis praktik
penambahan biaya ongkos travel tanpa kesepakatan dan mengetahui serta
menganalisis perspektif hukum Islam terhadap perlindungan konsumen atas
penambahan biaya ongkos travel tanpa kesepakatan. Metode penelitian yang
digunakan adalah penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan pendekatan
kualitatif. Penelitian ini melibatkan wawancara mendalam dengan konsumen dan
penyedia jasa travel, serta observasi terhadap praktik yang terjadi di lapangan.
Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif analitis untuk menggali
pandangan hukum Islam terkait transaksi perjalanan, khususnya mengenai biaya
tambahan yang tidak disepakati.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menurut hukum Islam, penambahan
biaya tanpa kesepakatan tersebut tidak dibenarkan, karena bertentangan dengan
prinsip keadilan dan keterbukaan yang harus ada dalam setiap akad. Penambahan
biaya yang dilakukan secara sepihak dapat menyebabkan rusaknya (fasid) akad
ijarah, yaitu akad sewa-menyewa yang dalam hal ini mengatur hubungan antara
penyedia jasa dan konsumen. Oleh karena itu, untuk menjaga keabsahan akad dan
melindungi hak-hak konsumen, penyedia jasa harus memastikan adanya
kesepakatan yang jelas dan transparan mengenai biaya yang akan dikenakan
sebelum transaksi dimulai. Perlindungan konsumen dalam hal ini harus
mengedepankan prinsip keadilan, dengan menghindari adanya biaya tambahan
yang tidak disetujui oleh konsumen sebelumnya.
Kata Kunci: perlindungan konsumen, biaya tambahan, ongkos travel,
kesepakatan, hukum Islam, akad ijarah, fasid, transparansi, keadilan. ABSTRACT
The unilateral addition of transportation costs in travel services often results
in confusion and losses for consumers. One example of this occurs in the travel
service provided by Linggau Wisata on the route from Lubuklinggau, South
Sumatra to Bandar Lampung, where the previously agreed fare of IDR 350,000
was suddenly increased by an additional IDR 30,000 during the journey, with the
explanation being for toll fees. This practice raises questions about consumer
protection in the context of transactions that are not transparent and do not align
with the initial agreement. This study uses the theory of Ijarah (leasing), which
regulates the rights and obligations of both parties in a lease agreement, including
the payment of the agreed price. Based on this background, the research questions
in this study are: how does the practice of adding transportation costs without
agreement occur in the Linggau Wisata travel service on the route from
Lubuklinggau, South Sumatra to Bandar Lampung, and how does Islamic law
view consumer protection concerning the addition of travel costs without
agreement occur in the Linggau Wisata travel service on the route from
Lubuklinggau, South Sumatra to Bandar Lampung.
This study aims to identify and analyze the practice of adding travel costs
without mutual agreement and to explore the Islamic legal perspective on
consumer protection against such unagreed additional costs. The research method
used is field research with a qualitative approach. This study involves in-depth
interviews with consumers and travel service providers, as well as observations of
practices on the ground. The data obtained is then analyzed descriptively and
analytically to explore Islamic legal views on travel transactions, particularly
regarding unagreed additional costs. The research also compares the findings in
the field with the principles of Sharia law governing contracts in leasing (Ijarah),
as well as the consumer protection regulations in force in Indonesia.
The research findings show that according to Islamic law, the addition of
costs without agreement is not justified, as it contradicts the principles of justice
and transparency that must be present in every contract. The unilateral addition of
costs can cause the Ijarah contract to become invalid (fasid), as this contract
regulates the relationship between the service provider and the consumer. Such a
practice is considered haram in Islam, as it can harm the consumer and violate the
principle of transparency in transactions. Therefore, in order to maintain the
validity of the contract and protect the rights of consumers, the service provider
must ensure there is a clear and transparent agreement on the costs to be incurred
before the transaction begins. Consumer protection in this case must prioritize the
principle of justice, by avoiding any additional costs that have not been previously
agreed upon by the consumer.
Keywords: consumer protection, additional costs, travel expenses, agreement,
Islamic law, Ijarah contract, fasid, transparency, justice
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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