1,721,744 research outputs found
A multi-factor approach to understanding socio-economic segregation in European capital cities
Full text linkThe research leading to the results presented in this chapter has received funding from the Estonian Research Council (Institutional Research Grant IUT no. 2–17 on Spatial Population Mobility and Geographical Changes in Urban Regions); European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement no. 615159 (ERC Consolidator Grant DEPRIVEDHOODS, Socio-spatial Inequality, Deprived Neighbourhoods, and Neighbourhood Effects); and from the Marie Curie programme under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / Career Integration Grant no. PCIG10-GA-2011-303728 (CIG Grant NBHCHOICE, Neighbourhood Choice, Neighbourhood Sorting, and Neighbourhood Effects).Growing inequalities in Europe, even in the most egalitarian countries, are a major challenge threatening the sustainability of urban communities and the competiveness of European cities. Surprisingly, though, there is a lack of systematic representative research on the spatial dimension of rising inequalities. This is filled by our book project Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West, with empirical evidence from Amsterdam, Athens, Budapest, London, Madrid, Milan, Oslo, Prague, Riga, Stockholm, Tallinn, Vienna and Vilnius. This introductory chapter outlines the background to this international comparative research and introduces a multi-factor approach to studying socio-economic segregation. The chapter focuses on four underlying universal structural factors: social inequalities, global city status, welfare regime and housing system. Based on these factors, we propose a hypothetical ranking segregation levels in the thirteen case study cities. As the conclusions of this show, the hypothetical ranking and the actual ranking of cities by segregation levels only match partly; the explanation for this can be sought in context-specific factors which will be discussed in-depth in each of the case study chapters
Revealed residential preferences of international migrants working in creative and knowledge intensive industries: the settlement process
Full text linkThe creative and knowledge-intensive sectors have become more and more important in both national and regional economies, and increasingly urban economies have become internationalized. International migration of well-skilled, often well-paid, people serves different purposes in the economy. It can fill shortterm labour gaps or be used to address long-term skills shortages and help with the gradual development of the labour force. This has spurred policy and scientific interest in transnational migrants and their preferences and wishes. It is said that cities have to strengthen their links to global pools of creative-knowledge talent in order to remain competitive and that cities must pay attention to the conditions that attract and retain top layers of international migrants. One policy response has been that immigration policies in many European countries and at the EU level have shifted from restrictive policies to policies that actively aim at attracting higher strata of foreign workers. This development was spurred by labour shortages in the information technology sector and in parts of the service industries such as banking and the health sector. In 1999, EU countries formulated a common framework to manage migration and an important role was ascribed to legal migration for the enhancement of the knowledge-based economy in Europe in ‘The Hague Programme’ of 2004. Also a ‘blue card’ was introduced in 2009 which enabled employees with a sufficiently high income to smoothly enter EU countries. Consequently, many urban economies, and particularly those with a strong international orientation, have acknowledged a growing inflow of international ‘knowledge’ workers. This includes the two regional case studies in this research project. The Amsterdam Metropolitan Area and the Eindhoven Metropolitan Region have a growing international population, in which ‘better-off’ migrants account for a large proportion of population growth. In the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area, already 13 per cent of residents are of ‘Western migrant’ origin; in the municipality of Amsterdam the proportion is 16 per cent (Regiomonitor 2014). The Eindhoven region offers more high-tech employment than regional technical graduates can fill in, which makes the region heavily dependent on talent from elsewhere, at least in the short term(Van der Zee 2013). The (specific) number of international knowledge workers in the region quadrupled between 2007 and 2012 and is expected to further double before 2020. Around 80 per cent of the population growth is expected to consist of single-person households. It is a great challenge for both the city and the region to accommodate these workers and to offer housing that matches their demands (Municipality of Eindhoven 2014). Therefore, it is important to know more about their preferences and residential behaviour.<br/
Urban segregation: contexts, domains, dimensions and approaches
Full text linkThe introduction to this volume aims to clarify some key concepts, in particular the concept of urban segregation, and to introduce the three-part structure of the book. Through the introduction of these – interrelated – parts, the most compelling segregation debates are outlined. Such debates come to the fore in Part I through a ‘world tour’ across six continents, sixteen countries, and a multitude of cities, confronted with pressing segregation questions across a range of institutional contexts. The introduction to Part II confronts the various domains of segregation that are dealt with in the book. Beyond the more familiar but still imperative residential domains, segregation in public space, in education and with regard to human relations with the ‘natural’ environment are also addressed. The dimensions of such segregation dynamics include race, class, and other demographic and cultural dimensions. Part III then turns to new issues and approaches fundamental to the practice of measuring, conceptualising and framing segregation. This introductory chapter concludes with an initial impression of the key collective findings of this volume, while a more elaborate discussion of these is found in Chapter 24. Attention is given to the impact of varied local or regional contexts, to historically grown legacies connected to urban segregation, and to the continued significance of welfare regime types for understanding segregation
Ontwikkelingstendenzen ten aanzien van methoden voor woning- en woonmileubehoefteonderzoek
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Towards further understanding of urban segregation
Full text linkThe final chapter of the volume outlines broader observations and outcomes that are likely to feed further segregation debates and contemporary urban theory. The chapter begins with a short exposé of the state of the art of urban segregation knowledge. This is used as a platform for launching key issues that arise through this volume’s contributions. The state of the art includes insights regarding the roles of globalisation, welfare regimes, historically grown place-specific conditions, and other key contextual factors. Several key findings are presented. First, the volume emphasises the role of expansion of neoliberal thought across the globe and of rising social inequality and new patterns of socio-spatial divisions, including the ‘urban inversion’ in many contexts. Impacts are manifest across the domain of housing, but also stretch to other domains. Second, the relation between race and class segregation appears to have become stronger, particularly in contexts where race segregation has been a major issue over a longer period of time. Third, the distinction between temporal and structural effects on segregation is seen as central to the quality of responses to segregation. Fourth, the framing of urban segregation is argued to be fundamental in its role in contributing to or mitigating the rise of parallel societies. Finally, segregation debates are confronted with research findings showing strong tendencies for individual households to search for relatively homogeneous environments in many spheres of life. This has triggered the questions when and under what conditions should one intervene in segregation processes, and how? A revival or rethinking of the potential role of rather extensive or universal welfare regimes has been proposed to provide answers to these questions
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