1,721,051 research outputs found
Exploring the health and wellbeing of adolescents living with HIV as they grow into adulthood : unique challenges in a low resource setting
No full textAbstract: Advances in early infant diagnosis of HIV infection in HIV exposed children and the increased availability and access to pediatric HIV treatment have reduced the mortality and morbidity of children born with HIV, resulting into more children surviving into adolescence. Eighty percent of all adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) globally live in sub Saharan Africa. Uganda, like many resource limited countries has made significant strides in the fight against HIV/AIDS. The rapid scale up of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in this country has decreased the morbidity and mortality of ALHIV. As these ALHIV mature and their life expectancy increases, they face several challenges ranging from adhering to long term ART and negotiating through various situations and relationships to survive into adulthood. While the majority of available studies including ALHIV focus on their medical treatment, this thesis aims to go beyond the treatment response as such. The thesis describes not only the response of ART on the growth and development of perinatally infected adolescents, but puts emphasis on the exploration of the psychosocial challenges ALHIV face as they grow up and their lives become normalized. This includes also describing the sexual and reproductive health needs and sexual activity among ALHIV. This thesis adds a comprehensive description of psychosocial and psychosexual challenges as they manifest in clinical/treatment settings dealing with ALHIV to the available body of knowledge on the needs of ALHIV. Its results therefore are relevant not only from an academic perspective but also for health care providers working in such settings. The findings may contribute to increasing youth-friendly, evidence-based HIV services. This thesis includes studies conducted in Uganda and Kenya which are among the high HIV burden countries. Four studies resulting in five articles highlight three intertwined challenges related to disclosure of HIV status, treatment adherence and prevention of HIV transmission. Based on our study findings, strategies to improve the health and wellbeing of ALHIV in resource limited settings are proposed. In the first study, adolescents with predominantly perinatally-acquired HIV infection and significant disease burden showed appropriate virological and immunological response to ART in addition to having clinically significant improvements in growth and some improvement in sexual maturation. In the second study, we examined the perceptions of young people living with HIV in Uganda about current norms around HIV serostatus and treatment disclosure. Our findings reinforce the concept of HIV disclosure as a process, not a one-time event. We studied disclosure processes and outcomes. Two studies assessed the sexual and reproductive health behaviors of ALHIV: a qualitative study explored the meaning ALHIV attribute to sexuality and their sexual norms in the light of shaping their sexual and social identities. About a quarter of the young participants reported prior or current sexual experience. The quantitative study demonstrated that early sexual activity remains an important risk factor for HIV transmission and potentially results in negative health consequences including onward transmission of sexually transmitted infections. The two studies revealed knowledge gaps relating to reproductive health, HIV transmission, and contraceptive methods. Motivations for safe preventive sexual behavior included having specific future aspirations, good counseling, and fear of the consequences of sexual activity such as unwanted pregnancies. Barriers to adopting preventive behaviors included personal factors (i.e. alcohol use), interpersonal factors (i.e. ignorance of serostatus of sexual partners, peer pressure), social factors (HIV-related stigma) and poverty as a structural determinant. In addition, desire to have children played an important role for the older ones. Young seropositive people in this setting lacked specific behavioral skills, such as disclosure of HIV status to their sexual partners, which was closely linked to fear of rejection and stigma. This thesis clearly demonstrates that HIV positive adolescents and young people are able to respond well to ART and that they are able to grow; however, as they grow, they may face specific challenges of disclosure and navigation of their sexual maturation. Interventions in this field need to be age appropriate, and based on the psychosocial developmental stage as well as being tailored to young people\u2019s specific needs. Structural interventions should at the same time address and reduce HIV-related stigma and support the socio-economic needs of young people living with HIV. Despite the increased attention and commitment to the pediatric and adolescent HIV agenda, further efforts are required to respond to the glaring gaps. The global AIDS response is at a critical point where the successes of antiretroviral therapy provision is now competing with complacency. The ambitious global targets of ending AIDS are not being realized in a timely manner as expected by the UNAIDS. For instance, there are still nearly a million people dying each year from AIDS-related illnesses and only three out of every four persons living with HIV knows their HIV status. These targets are even less achieved for adolescents and young people who contribute to the highest AIDS-related deaths and the new transmissions. Moreover, there is a limited number of health-care workers specialized in taking care of adolescents and young people. There is also continuing stigma and discrimination and this could result in a prevention crisis. When ALHIV start to engage in sexual activity and are not able to disclose their HIV status to their sexual partners there is an added risk of transmission. This is particularly plausible when they are not adhering well to their treatment and remain virally unsuppressed. For ALHIV, it is critical that the interventions put in place to prevent onward transmission, and maintain their healthy livelihood are geared towards making these interventions reachable to them in an adolescent responsive manner. This can be done through evidence-based interventions and policies that comprehensively address the multiple needs of the ALHIV
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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