1,721,029 research outputs found
Grafting In Vitro Shoots on Acclimating Plants: Morphological and Anatomical Aspects of Compatible and Incompatible Pear/Quince Combinations
No full textSingle leaf and whole canopy gas exchange of pear as affected by graft incompatibility
No full textLeaf and whole-canopy gas exchange of Beurré Hardy and Beurré Bosc trees, either selfrooted or grafted on clonal quince rootstocks (BA29 and MC), and a common seedling were measured to study the effect of varying degrees of graft incompatibility on tree gas exchange. Whole-canopy gas exchange was expressed in terms of the energy absorbed by the canopy, which was measured at hour intervals using a custom-built sensor. Leaf transpiration, stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis were not affected by cultivar, but they were reduced by the dwarfing quince rootstock, MC. Similar results were obtained for daily patterns of whole-canopy photosynthesis, measured in early July and August. The ratio of leaf net photosynthesis to light intercepted per tree followed the same pattern as whole-canopy photosynthesis
La situazione della pericoltura mondiale analizzata in Sudafrica al 9° simposio dell’ISHS.
No full textOptimizing production of quality nursery plants for fruit tree cultivation
No full textOrchards that are fully mechanized from planting to harvest is a logical next
fruit production goal. To achieve this, simplified training systems must be
developed, starting with economic, efficient and easy to manage nursery tree
scions. Well-feathered single- or bi-axis scions, bare root planted and trained as
a continuous hedgerow, could be a suitable solution for pome and stone fruit.
In mild climates with long growing seasons, potted trees of small dimensions
could be used to rapidly obtain medium-high density ‘fruiting walls’ where no
regular axis distribution is required as long as canopy continuity is satisfied.Both of these approaches need specific research in the nursery and orchard
to regulate the physiological status for efficiently achieving both early bearing
and rapid lateral growth. Research should start with breeding to select new
varieties suitable for the optimized approach.
For stone fruits, the challenge is to promote natural lateral (sylleptic)
branching and a high growth rate during nursery scion formation, then shift
to predominately proleptic shoot growth and a reduced growth rate after the
second year. The target would be to obtain all the laterals well-distributed
along the trunk and with wide crotch angles during the first growing season.
Each lateral would then become a short branch with high flower differentiation,
resulting in a uniform fruiting wall with a high potential for efficient mechanical
fruit thinning, harvest and pruning (possibly in the summer).
For pome fruits, the challenge is to produce suitable trees on more
vigorous rootstocks to overcome some replant problems. The use of wellfeathered,
pre-formed scions with one or two axes, with training as a hedgerow
system, remains the most convenient solution to reduce tree vigour and induce
early bearing
Bi-axis: an alternative to slender spindle for apple orchards
No full textThe use of the dwarfing M.9 rootstock is widespread in apple orchards due to the high tree efficiency it induces. Today it is possible to purchase a given type of tree congruent with the desired orchard design. Alongside the traditional chipbudded trees produced in a two-year cycle, there are types like two-year knip plants, trees obtained with the June bud (1-year-old) and bench-budded plants in a oneyear cycle. These different types of plants are suitable for the spindle training system. The innovative ‘bi-axis’ system requires a pre-formed, split-branch tree produced in the nursery that obviates the need for heading in the orchard and the one-year delay in shoot-system formation. The spindle system is widely employed in apple orchards to boost planting densities up to 4,000 trees per hectare. The bi-axis system utilizes the novel idea of training plants with 2 axes so as to divide the vigour over more branches. Two sets of trials are underway with ‘Fuji’ in different environments, i.e. an upland orchard in Trento Province and a lowland one in the Po valley, to compare the vegetative and cropping traits of bi-axes against the
traditional spindle in high density plantings. The comparison of the two systems has so far shown some differences in tree growth patterns and yield. Vigour is
distributed over two axes in the Y- tree shape which helps control tree-growth.
Shoot length is almost halved in the bi-axis system compared to the spindle. No
significant differences in yield and crop quality were found in the first 2-3 years, but the bi-axis trees seem to produce better fruit red overcolour than spindle after fourfive year
Analisi economica della pericoltura in aree produttive europee e cinesi
No full textAnalisi di costi e redditività per la coltivazione del Pero in importanti aree produttive europee ed in una area produttiva cinese, nella quale viene coltivata una varietà simile alle pere europee
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