1,721,557 research outputs found
Trattamenti Riabilitativi
No full textLa schizofrenia è un grave disturbo mentale che generalmente esordisce in adolescenza o nella prima età adulta e che è spesso caratterizzato da sintomi cronici persistenti o recidivanti. Generalmente determina difficoltà a lungo termine, è associata spesso a disabilità in molti domini del funzionamento, e conduce a isolamento sociale. Nonostante la sua bassa prevalenza, il disturbo esercita un alto carico di malattia a livello sociale e individuale, spiegando circa il 21% dei Disability Adjusted Life Years globali di tutti disturbi. I limiti di un approccio basato esclusivamente sul “modello biomedico” della schizofrenia sono ovvi. Gli approcci farmacologici non hanno risolto il problema delle recidive e, inoltre, gli psicofarmaci sono associati a effetti collaterali che possono minare l’aderenza al regime terapeutico. Nonostante la stretta aderenza al trattamento, molte persone con una diagnosi di schizofrenia hanno esperienze di disagio persistenti, come sentire le voci e soffrire di anedonia. Ancora più importante, il trattamento farmacologico e il controllo dei sintomi sono scarsamente correlati a un efficace funzionamento psicosociale. A causa delle persistenti difficoltà psicosociali sperimentate da molte persone affette da schizofrenia, il campo della riabilitazione psichiatrica si è sviluppato per aiutare questi individui a superare la disabilità, a perseguire risultati soddisfacenti nel funzionamento, e a raggiungere il “recovery”.
Le tecniche riabilitative si sono evolute in modo costante negli ultimi 40 anni. Una serie di interventi specifici sono diventati pratiche basate sulle evidenze, che si dimostrano efficaci in relazione a specifici obiettivi. L’odierna riabilitazione psichiatrica enfatizza il processo di recovery in cui l’attenzione è focalizzata sugli obiettivi dell’individuo e sui processi decisionali condivisi, elementi che creano una maggiore simmetria nella relazione tra gli utenti dei servizi e i professionisti della salute mentale. Questo approccio garantisce che gli obiettivi del servizio siano congrui con quelli dei pazienti. È improbabile che la riabilitazione possa avere successo senza che questi obiettivi siano compatibili. I pazienti dovrebbero aspettarsi di ricevere informazioni aggiornate riguardo alle cure basate sull’evidenza e ai risultati attesi. Esistono ancora restrizioni sui tipi di interventi disponibili in diversi servizi all’interno dello stesso paese e certamente tra paesi differenti. Questo non è dovuto soltanto alla disponibilità di risorse ma anche ai differenti contesti legislativi e alle attuali interpretazioni delle evidenze (e.g., Dixon et al., 2009; NICE, 2009). Siamo, comunque, fiduciosi che i servizi di riabilitazione stiano ora accettando il modello del recovery e che nuove tecniche attualmente in via di sviluppo promuoveranno i trattamenti su misura che i nostri utenti cominciano a richiedere
The increased incidence of psychosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in South London: The role of heavy cannabis use
No full text
Understanding Cannabis Use in Schizophrenia
No full textLarge-scale international surveys have found consistently high rates of cannabis use in schizophrenia and other psychotic populations (Merikangas et al., 1998; Degenhardt et al., 2001; Farrell et al., 2001). Despite this we still have little understanding of the aetiology of the increased rates of cannabis use in psychosis. Three models for understanding the relationship between cannabis and psychosis have been proposed (Thornicroft, 1990; Khantzian, 1997; Mueser et al., 1998). The vulnerability model posits that cannabis use contributes to the onset, symptom severity and relapse of psychosis. The symptom alleviation model proposes that individuals with psychosis use cannabis in an attempt to alleviate positive and negative symptoms, as well as depression and anxiety. The common factor model proposes that some of an individual’s vulnerability to cannabis use and psychosis is caused by shared underlying factors, such as genetic vulnerability or conduct disorder/antisocial personality disorder. Consistent with the vulnerability model, cannabis use has been strongly associated with the onset of psychotic symptoms and disorders in a growing number of large-scale longitudinal studies (Moore et al., 2007 and see Chapter 15). Little evidence for the symptom alleviation model has emerged from these studies (Arseneault et al., 2002; Fergusson et al., 2003), although individuals do report improvements in positive affect (Henquet et al., 2010). Despite self-reports of improved affect, a growing number of prospective studies have found cannabis use is predictive of a more severe psychotic symptom course and increased risk of psychotic relapse (Verdoux et al., 2003; Ferdinand et al., 2005; Hides et al., 2006; Degenhardt, 2007; Zammit et al., 2008; and see Chapter 19). However, there is also evidence of increased cannabis use during periods when psychotic symptoms are worse, suggesting that relationships between cannabis and psychosis may be bidirectional (Ferdinand et al., 2005; Hides et al., 2006; Degenhardt, 2007). Conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder are related to an increased risk of schizophrenia (Hodgins et al., 1996; Robins, 1966) and drug use disorders, in both the general population (Anthony and Helzer, 1991) and in people with psychotic disorders (Mueser et al., 2000), suggesting this may account for some of the increased comorbidity between cannabis-use disorder and psychosis
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Interaction between DRD2 and AKT1 genetic variations on risk of psychosis in cannabis users: a case-control study
Full text link[no abstract available
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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