1,721,002 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) AND ITS USE IN MOTOR LEARNING AND CONTROL
No full textElectroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique of measuring electric currents generated from active brain regions and is a useful tool for researchers interested in motor control. The study of motor learning and control seeks to understand the way the brain understands, plans and executes movement both physical and imagined. Thus, the purpose of this study was to better understand the ways in which electroencephalography can be used to measure regions of the brain involved with motor control and learning. For this purpose, two independent studies were completed using EEG to monitor brain activity during both executed and imagined actions. The first study sought to understand the cognitive demand of altering a running gait and provides EEG evidence of motor learning. 13 young healthy runners participated in a 6-week in-field gait-retraining program that altered running gait by increasing step rate (steps per minute) by 5-10%. EEG was collected while participants ran on a treadmill with their original gait as a baseline measurement. After the baseline collection, participants ran for one minute at the same speed with a 5-10% step rate increase while EEG was collected. Participants then participated in a 6-week in-field gait-retraining program in which they received bandwith feedback while running in order to learn the new gait. After completing the 6-week training protocol, participants returned to the lab for post training EEG collection while running with the new step rate. Power spectral density plots were generated to measure frequency band power in all gait-retraining phases. Results in the right prefrontal cortex showed a significant increase in beta (13-30 Hz) while initially running with the new gait compared to the baseline step rate. Previous work suggests the right prefrontal cortex is involved with the inhibition of a previously learned behavior and thus, our results suggest an increase in cognitive load to inhibit the previous full stride motion. After training, this increase in beta over the right prefrontal cortex decreased, suggesting motor adaptations had occurred as a result of motor learning. These results give promising evidence for a new method of ensuring permanent changes in performance that will benefit rehabilitation and athletic performance training programs. The second study in this project sought to understand differences in right and left-handers as they mentally simulate movement. 24 right and left-handed individuals (12 right-handers, 12 left-handers) were shown pictures of individual hands on a screen while EEG was collected. Previous research has shown than while solving this task, participants mentally rotate a mental representation of their own hand to determine the handedness of the image. Event-related potential results showed that right-handers had an earlier and greater activation in the parietal regions than left-handers, whereas left-handers had a later and greater activation in the motor related brain regions compared to right-handers. These results suggest differing strategies while mentally solving motor related tasks between right and left-handers. We speculate this is a result of left-handers' need to adapt to a majorly right-hand dominant environment. Both these studies show the benefits of using EEG to understand the motor system in physically executed and imagined actions
Examining the implementation of PETTLEP-based imagery in youth soccer-dribbling performance
No full textPurposes: To examine the effect of PETTLEP imagery on performance (dribbling time, error performance, performance time) when it is introduced at different times during the process of learning a soccer skill. Hypotheses: Hypothesis one stated that all groups that take part in the PETTLEP imagery intervention will increase the performance of the soccer players on the dribbling task by decreasing their completion time as well as the number of errors committed by each athlete. Hypothesis two stated that the earliest implemented PETTLEP imagery intervention will show the largest performance increases from the pre-test to the post-test. Methods: Participants were recruited from youth soccer teams. Initially, participants self-reported their sex and age before completing the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised to assess imagery ability (Hall & Martin, 1997). Following, teams completed an adapted version of a soccer-dribbling task (O & Munroe-Chandler, 2008) as a performance assessment three times over the course of the study and physically practiced the task once each week. Imagery Group 1 began practicing a PETTLEP mental imagery program during week one. Imagery Group 2 was scheduled to begin practicing the same program during week three of the study but due to participant attrition, this group was no longer included as a part of the study. The members of the single imagery group were asked to continue practicing PETTLEP mental imagery outside of practice four times per week across the duration of the study. Participants were instructed to document all mental imagery practice sessions in an Imagery Diary to be turned in at the completion of the study. A separate control group practiced four stretches derived from the FIFA 11+ stretching routine (F-Marc, 2003) for the 6-week entirety of the study. Following the post-test, participants completed the MIQ-R (Hall & Martin, 1997) a second time as well as a Post-experimental Manipulation Check to gain more information concerning the participant's imagery use during the study. Results: Participants (N = 8, M age= 11.88 ± 0.35 years) in this study were youth soccer players who participated as a part of Wilmington Hammerheads Youth FC. The initial sample was composed of 68 participants but due to an unexpectedly wet season resulting in the reduction in team practices, the two teams participating as members of imagery group 2 dropped out of the study. As a result of imagery group 2 dropping out of the study, a 2 (Group) x 3 (Session) repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to test the effects of imagery use on dribbling speed. This analysis revealed a non-significant effect for Speed, F(2, 5) = 1.64, p = .28, n2=.40 and Group, F(2, 5) = 5.31, p = .06, n2=.68 However, there was a significant Group x Session interaction (F(2, 12) = 7.19, p .80). This large difference between the performance of the two groups at testing session two, following the introduction of the PETTLEP imagery may suggest that the imagery intervention have had a different effect on the performance of the participants in imagery group than the stretching (control) group (who only physically practiced the task) but this effect did not significant. This study was unable to assess the second hypothesis concerning any differences that may exist between the performances of two groups beginning a PETTLEP imagery intervention after different levels of practice of the soccer-dribbling task in question as both teams assigned to this condition dropped out of the study before they undergoing the PETTLEP imagery intervention. Conclusion: Due to the attrition of 88% of the initial sample, this study was unable to assess the differing affects of PETTLEP mental imagery on soccer-dribbling performance when it is introduced at multiple time periods throughout the process of learning a technical soccer task. It is hoped that future researchers will continue the study of this topic in an attempt to fill the large hole in the field concerning the best time to implement a mental imagery program as a form of physical performance enhancement (Smith et al., 2007). This information will allow researchers to provide coaches, parents and athletes with a guideline for the most effective time when practicing a new skill to begin practicing mental imagery in an effort to improve performance to the greatest degree
The Efficacy of Blue Light in Decreasing Physiological Fear Responses
No full textMental health issues involving the psychological concept of fear conditioning are rapidly increasing in prevalence among today’s society. Fear conditioning commonly affects individuals in the form of GAD, PTSD, and specific phobias. Specific phobias elicit irrational fear in individuals when there is no apparent threat present. Specific phobias can decrease an individual’s quality of life by preventing them from engaging in activities and occupying certain environments. Blue light has been found to increase serotonin levels, which are relatively low in individuals exhibiting anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine if blue light therapy decreased physiological fear responses in individuals experiencing specific phobias. Using ECG, respiration, and pupil dilation an individual’s physiological fear response was measured upon exposure to a fear-inducing stimulus. Blue light therapy was then administered for 30 minutes, and physiological readings were collected a second time. Final analysis was conducted utilizing t-test methods. Blue light was found to be effective in deceasing pupil dilation for all participants, however, its efficacy for vascular measures was only found in female participants. Nitric oxide sensitivity in males may account for differing results
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