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Valtellina (Sondrio, Northern Italy): a typical terroir for Nebbiolo grape
No full textLocated in the Central Alps of Italy, Valtellina is the main longitudinal valley in the Alpine chain, deeply cut by the Adda river, tributary of Como lake, the latter being one of the deepest canyons due to Messinian erosion (FINCKH, 1978). The E-W trending part of the valley is tectonically controlled, running parallel to the Periadriatic Lineament, the main fault of the entire Alpine edifice (LAUBSCHER, 1983; HEITZMANN, 1987; CNR, 1990). The geomorphology of this valley is characterized by a strong difference between the opposite slopes. The southern one, named Orobico, has a northwards exposure, while the northern one, named Retico (Rhaetian), has a southwards exposure and enjoys a strong solar radiance. Glacial erosion widened the valley and smoothed the bedrock up to 2,000 m a.s.l. Bedrock outcroppings clearly prevail in comparison with scattered, thin Quaternary deposits (BONSIGNORE et alii, 1971). The strong vertical relief from the alluvial plain of the Adda river to the adjacent mountain ridge (about 2,000 meters) is due to a combination of structural control, fluvial erosion and glacial overexcavation. The Rhaetian side is protected from the northerly winds and enjoys a microclimate that allows grape growing at a latitude of 46 degrees 10' and elevations ranging from about 300 up to 700 m a.s.l. (BELLONI & PELFINI, 1987; FAILLA et alii, 2004). Here the noblest italian wine grape (Nebbiolo) is cultivated on steep sunny slopes, on narrow terraces supported by stone walls. This ancient man-made landscape adds a typical note which takes part in characterization of Valtellina terroir. The bedrock is represented by strongly deformed metamorphic units of both Austroalpine and Southalpine domains, scatterly covered by thin glacial deposits. Nebbiolo offers some of the finest and prone to ageing wines in the world, in particular Barbaresco and Barolo from Piedmont Langhe, which has a typical exquisite bouquet ranging from goudron to violets to rose. As a wine grape, Nebbiolo is nevertheless very sensitive to both microclimate and pedological characteristics. Outside Piedmont area, Nebbiolo wine growing has generally denied satisfactory results, due to its selective micro-climatic requirements (ROBINSON, 1998). Nebbiolo, locally called Chiavennasca, has been cultivated in Valtellina since several centuries and is fully adapted to the local conditions. Vine-growing in Sondrio province is devoted to both local consumption (as for instance in Valchiavenna) and DOCG-DOC production (MURADA et alii, 2004; ZOIA, 2004). The DOCG and DOC qualified area is limited to the Rhaetian side of Valtellina, in an approximatively 45 km long belt which encompasses chief town Sondrio (MARIANI & COLA, 2004). Between 1998 and 2002 the DOCG production was about 21,500 hl produced in a 850 ha area
Spatial distribution of solar radiation and its effects on vine phenology and grape ripening in an alpine environment
No full textClimate, soil, and vineyard performance were characterized in the northern Italian alpine valley of Valtellina to develop an ecophysiological model for zoning viticultural aptitude of the district. Based on a representative sample of 54 small, steep-sloped terraced vineyards planted with the late-ripening red cv. Nebbiolo, the model included three-year (1998 to 2000) data sets for phenology, maturity curves, yield, vigor, and grape assays, with appropriate indices to manage these sets. Soils were characterized by pedological description and climate by annual values of potential photosynthetically active radiation (PPAR) and estimated thermal fields expressed as growing degree days (GDD) using base 10degreesC. PPAR ranged from 2700 to 3200 MJm(-2)year(-1) and GDD ranged from 1100 to 1800. Vineyards showed a 12-day range in phenological timing, with early sites having the highest technological maturity and medium sites having the highest phenolic maturity. Elevation and PPAR were the main environmental factors affecting vine budbreak and bloom date; veraison was also affected by crop load and its interaction with PPAR availability. Technological maturity was affected by elevation; phenolic maturity by crop load, PPAR, and its interaction with crop load and elevation. The highest phenolic maturity was recorded in low-cropping vineyards at low elevation and PPAR
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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