32 research outputs found
In vitro fermentering og in sacco nedbrytning av alkalisk kraftfôr i rasjoner til melkekyr
No full textThe primary aim of this work was to test the in vitro fermentation kinetics and in sacco rumen degradation of different formulations of alkaline treated local grains in the dairy cattle diet, in contrast to soy-based compound feed. Furthermore, the effect of mixing these compound feeds with three different qualities of grass silages was tested. Hypothesis, and operating procedures are based on the knowledge of ruminant nutrition, physiology, and feed science as introduced in the theoretical backgrounds. The methods used to study degradation kinetics were: 1) DM disappearance of 4 types of compound feeds (AUMD – alkaline feed with 20% Alka 150 diet containing higher proportion of local ingredients; AUNA- feed with ingredients of AUMD but urea and barely replacing the Alka 150 diet; AUAB- AUMD in a mash form; and DRER- Drøv Energirik which is a standard compound feed for dairy cows with higher level of imported ingredients) using the in sacco method, incubated in the rumen for different time intervals; 2) measuring gas production kinetics of 19 dietary treatments (the above four compound feeds, three different quality silages, and their mixtures in the ratio of 45:55% on DM basis, in respective order) fermented in buffered rumen fluid for 48h using the ANKOM RF gas production system. The alkaline treatment increased the crude protein content of the diets. There were no negative effects on the in vitro dry matter degradation (DMD), and in vitro gas production (GP) profile of the different formulations of alkaline grains. Besides, there was no difference in DMD and starch digestibility among alkaline feed AUNA and AUAB compared to the DRER using in sacco work. The AUMD had higher DMD than DRER (P<0.0001). Furthermore, higher digestibility of CP and NDF were observed in the contrast group (AUMD, AUAB, AUNA) compared with the control diet DRER. In addition, the GP and rate of GP of middle cut and late cut silage mixtures increased after they mixed with alkaline grain and soy-based concentrate.M-F
How The Numerals are Tabooed in The Chinese Language
No full textTaboo is an important and common phenomenon in which human beings use language consciously, and it is a form of language that people create to achieve better results in social interactions. China has historically been a country that values order
Changes in Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of vegetation in the northern foot of the Yinshan Mountains and its correlation with major climatic factors: Иншань нурууны хойд хэсгийн ургамлын цэвэр анхдагч бүтээгдэхүүний өөрчлөлт болон уур амьсгалын хүчин зүйлсийн харилцан хамаарал
No full textThe northern foothills of the Yinshan Mountains lie at the intersection of arid and semi-arid regions, where vegetation is predominantly composed of desert steppes. The ecological environment in this area is highly fragile, and vegetation dynamics serve as sensitive indicators of regional climate change. This study analyzes changes in vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) and its response to climatic factors from 2001 to 2020, employing Theil-Sen trend analysis and statistical methods to assess spatial and temporal patterns. Additionally, it investigates the relationship between NPP variability and climate variables. The results indicate the following:(1) The 20-year average NPP in the region is 152.3 gC/(m²·a), with interannual variation ranging from 103.9 to 194.7 gC/(m²·a). The spatial trend of NPP generally shows an upward trajectory, with slopes between 1 and 3. (2) There is a strong positive correlation between annual precipitation and annual NPP across 95.62% of the area, while no significant correlation is observed between annual NPP and annual mean temperature. Seasonally, spring temperature shows a significant positive correlation with annual NPP over 28.93% of the area. In contrast, summer temperature exhibits a significant negative correlation with NPP in 20.57% of the region, while autumn temperature shows no notable relationship. Regarding precipitation, spring precipitation has little influence, with only 0.5% of the area showing a significant positive correlation with annual NPP. Summer precipitation, however, displays a strong positive correlation across 95.66% of the region. Autumn precipitation has limited influence, with a significant positive correlation found in just 2.86% of the area
Impact of extreme climate events on spring vegetation phenology of Mongolia: Монгол орны ургамлын хаврын фенологид уур амьсгалын онцгой үзэгдлийн үзүүлэх нөлөө
No full textThe increasing frequency of extreme climate events may significantly alter the species composition, structure, and functionality of ecosystems, thereby diminishing their stability and resilience. This study draws on temperature and precipitation data from 53 meteorological stations across Mongolia, covering the period from 1983 to 2016, along with MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from 2001 to 2016. The climate anomaly method and the curvature method of cumulative NDVI logistic curves were employed to identify years of extreme climate events and to extract the start of the growing season (SOS) in Mongolia. Furthermore, the study assessed the impact of extreme climate events on the SOS across different vegetation types and evaluated the sensitivity of the SOS to extreme climate indices. The study results show that, compared to the multi-year average green-up period from 2001 to 2016, extreme climate events significantly impact the SOS. Extreme dryness advanced the SOS by 6.9 days, extreme wetness by 2.5 days, and extreme warmth by 13.2 days, while extreme cold delayed the SOS by 1.2 days. During extreme drought event, the sensitivity of SOS to TN90p (warm nights) was the highest; in extremely wet years, the sensitivity of SOS to TX10p (cool days) was the strongest; in extreme warm event, SOS was most sensitive to TX90p (warm days); and during extreme cold events, SOS was most sensitive to TNx (maximum night temperature). Overall, the SOS was most sensitive to extreme temperature indices during extreme climate events, with a predominantly negative sensitivity. The response and sensitivity of SOS to extreme climate events varied across different vegetation types. This is crucial for understanding the dynamic changes of ecosystems and assessing potential ecological risks
Regulatory effects of molasses on microbial community and amino acid profiles during alfalfa high-temperature fermentation
No full textThe harvest period of alfalfa is highly concentrated in midsummer. To clarify the impact of high temperature on the fermentation process and the regulatory effect of fermentation methods on microbial community structure and amino acid metabolism, this experiment designed treatments involving fermenting alfalfa with molasses additives for 60 days under two temperature conditions: 35 °C and ambient temperature. High-temperature molasses fermentation promotes thermotolerant bacteria proliferation. Treated alfalfa's bacterial community differs sharply from fresh samples, with the most obvious changes at high temperatures. High temperature lowers Weissella's relative abundance, but it still reproduces in molasses-rich environments. It restricts glutamine-glutamic acid interconversion, reducing most amino acids. Molasses reshapes microbiota, regulates amino acids, and better inhibits degradation at high temperatures. In conclusion, temperature alters fermented alfalfa's microbial structure and amino acid expression; molasses aids amino acid retention under high heat
Optimization of Extraction Process and Dynamic Changes in Triterpenoids of <i>Lactuca indica</i> from Different Medicinal Parts and Growth Periods
No full textIn this study, the triterpenoids in the leaves of Lactuca indica L.cv. Mengzao (LIM) were extracted via microwave-assisted ethanol extraction, and the optimum extraction conditions for triterpenoids were determined through single-factor experiments and the Box–Behnken method. The effects of three factors (solid–liquid ratio, microwave power and extraction time) on the total triterpenoids content (TTC) were evaluated. The TTC of different parts (roots, stems, leaves and flowers) of LIM in different growth stages was studied, and the scavenging effects of the highest TTC parts on DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl free radicals were investigated. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for microwave-assisted extraction of total triterpenoids from LIM leaves were as follows: solid–liquid ratio of 1:20 g/mL; microwave power of 400 W; and extraction time of 60 min. Under these conditions, the TTC was 29.17 mg/g. Compared with the fresh raw materials, the TTC of the materials increased after freeze drying. The leaves of LIM had the highest TTC, and the flowering stage was the best time. The triterpenoids from the leaves had a strong ability to eliminate DPPH and ABTS free radicals, and the elimination effect of dried leaves was better than that of fresh leaves, while the elimination effect of hydroxyl free radicals was not obvious. The tested method was used to extract total triterpenoids from LIM using a simple process at low cost, which provides a reference for developing intensive processing methods for L. indica
Effects of different temperature and density on quality and microbial population of wilted alfalfa silage
No full textAbstract In this experiment, alfalfa silage with different packing densities (500 kg/m3、600 kg/m3 and 700 kg/m3) was prepared under the conditions of outdoor high temperature and indoor room temperature, respectively. At the same time, the same lactobacillus additive was used for fermentation in each density treatment group. The chemical composition, fermentation quality and microbial community of alfalfa silage were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of dry matter (DM) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) decreased with the increase of density during fermentation at high temperature. At the same time, when the density is 600 kg/m³, CP (crude protein) content is the highest, ADF (acid detergent fiber) content is the lowest. The contents and pH values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lactic acid (LA) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were significantly affected by temperature (p < 0.05). Density had significant effects on DM, NDF, WSC and LA contents (p < 0.05). The interaction between temperature and density had significant effects on the content of ADF and LAB (p < 0.05). At the same time, the abundance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in high temperature fermented silage was lower than that in normal temperature fermented feed. The number of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in room temperature treatment group decreased with the increase of density. In summary, this study clarified the effects of different temperature and density on alfalfa fermentation quality and microbial community, and clarified that the density should be reasonably controlled within 600 kg/m³ during alfalfa silage, providing theoretical support for production practice
Effects of flavonoids from Allium mongolicum Regel on growth performance and growth-related hormones in meat sheep
No full textThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of different doses of flavonoids from Allium mongolicum Regel on the production performance and neuroendocrine hormones in meat sheep and to determine the optimum dosage of Allium mongolicum Regel flavonoids to add to the basal diet of dry lot-feeding meat sheep. Sixty meat sheep (initial body weight = 39.9 ± 3.2 kg; 6-month-old) were randomly assigned to 4 groups (15 sheep per group). The sheep in the control group were fed a basal diet, and the 3 experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with flavonoids at 11, 22 and 33 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected via the jugular vein at d 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 to determine the neuroendocrine hormone levels. The fasting weight of the sheep was measured during the experimental period, and feed offered and refusals were recorded daily. The basal diet supplemented with flavonoids from 11 to 33 mg/kg significantly increased the daily weight gain and average daily feed intake (P0.05). Starting on d 30, the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in the sera of the sheep in the supplementation groups increased significantly (P0.05). The serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were increased by the supplementation of flavonoids, but compared with the control group, the effect was not significant. The basal diet supplemented with flavonoids at levels from 11 to 33 mg/kg had a significant effect on the production performance and neuroendocrine hormone levels of meat sheep, and the effect occurred in a time-dependent manner. The effect was especially obvious after 30 d of feeding
Evaluation of the fermentation performance and functional properties of bacterial communities of amaranth silage supplemented with Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Latilactobacillus graminis
No full textAbstract Background The objective was to determine the effects of different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriaus) silage fermentation characteristics, changes in bacterial communities and their functional properties, and to investigate the preferential effects and mechanisms of action of Limosilactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) and Latilactobacillus graminis (L. graminis) on the bacterial communities of silage. LAB were screened and identified from native grasses and its naturally fermented silage, and their effects on fermentation performance and bacterial community of amaranth after 60 days of fermentation were investigated. BL1 and BL5 strains were identified as L. fermentum and L. graminis, respectively. They could grow normally at concentrations of 3.0% and 6.5% NaCl, tolerating pH and temperature ranges of 3.5 –9.0 and 4.0 – 9.0, 30 – 45 ℃ and 10 – 45 ℃, respectively. The distilled water, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (commercial inoculant), L. fermentum, and L. graminis were inoculated into amaranth at a total of 1 × 105 cfu/g fresh material and labeled AhSCK, AhSLP, AhSLF, and AhSLG, respectively, while the fresh amaranth was labeled YLS. Results As expected, the water soluble carbohydrates of AhSCK was lower than AhSLG (p < 0.05). The highest number of LAB was found in AhSLF (p < 0.05). The lactic acid (LA) content of AhSLP was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than other silage. Nevertheless, acetic acid (AA) content of AhSLF was significantly different from other silage (p < 0.05). All the amaranth silage was well preserved with low pH (4.16 – 4.51) and acceptable levels of butyric acid (0.00 – 0.86%FM). At the species level, Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, and Cenchrus americanus served as the dominant strains in fresh amaranth, with relative abundances lower than 1% after ensiling.. Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Levilactobacillus brevis, and L. fermentum were the dominant strains of AhSCK, AhSLP and AhSLF. Nevertheless, the predominant strains of AhSLG was Xanthomonas oryzae. Both fresh material and silage, L. fermentum, L. plantarum, Levilactobacillus brevis, Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Cenchrus americanus, Pseudomonas coleopterorum, Priestia aryabhattai, and Exiguobacterium sibiricum were significantly different in relative abundance (p < 0.01).Functional prediction analysis showed that in pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism were enriched after ensiling. AhSLF showed the most obvious trend of increasing abundance of pentose phosphate pathway, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and biosynthesis of antibiotics, while the abundance of metabolic pathways decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions L. fermentum can be recommended as an additive to improve the quality of amaranth silage, as it regulates the epiphytic microbiota in silage, improving the fermentation quality and metabolic capacity of the bacterial community. Graphical Abstrac
Availability of soil base cations and micronutrients along soil profile after 13-year nitrogen and water addition in a semi-arid grassland
No full textAlteration in the availability of soil base cations and micronutrients is critical to maintain stable ecosystem functioning under the predicted global change scenarios. However, changes in these soil cations and their relationships with soil physiochemical properties along soil profile remain unclear under the combined increasing N deposition and precipitation changes. In this study, the concentrations of soil exchangeable base cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na) and available micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) were determined along an 80-cm soil profile after 13-year continuous N and water manipulation in a semi-arid grassland. Our results showed that N addition significantly decreased exchangeable Ca (- 25.4%, averaging across the three N addition rates) and Mg (- 7.8%) at the depth of 10 cm while increased available Fe (+ 70.5%), Mn (+ 64.7%), and Cu (+ 26.0%). Besides, the magnitude of the increase or decrease escalated with the rates of additional N. Such pattern was also true for the concentrations of available Fe, Mn and Cu in the 10-20 cm soil layer, but the magnitude of changes was much smaller than in the top 10-cm soil layer. Nevertheless, N addition increased the concentrations of the three available micronutrients across the entire profile, indicating that Fe, Mn and Cu were more sensitive to N addition in subsoils than surface soils. Nitrogen addition significantly reduced soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) in the top 10-cm and soil base saturation (BS) ratio in the top 20-cm soil, while water addition significantly increased soil CEC and BS ratio in the top 20-cm soil. Water addition significantly increased Na (+ 75.1%) in the entire soil profile and increased Ca (+ 14.8%), Mg (+ 12.7%) at the 0-10, 10-20 and 40-60 cm soil layers. Soil pH positively correlated with soil exchangeable Ca, Mg and Na, but negatively with available Fe, Mn and Cu in the upper 20 cm. Soil base cations and CEC positively correlated with clay and silt contents, but negatively with sand content along the profile. These results can extend our understandings on soil cation dynamics to deep soil profile under long-term N and water addition and suggest that precipitation effects should be considered when assessing N deposition effects on these soil cations
