25 research outputs found
Aid effectiveness in education sector of Pakistan
Get PDFThe main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of sector-specific foreign aid given to education sector and aggregate foreign aid on the national educational outcomes of Pakistan, respectively. --
Determinants of corruption in developing countries
Get PDFCorruption is not a new phenomenon; we are living with it since the birth of government's institutions. Corruption has two dimensions; public sector corruption and private sector corruption. The public sector corruption means, misuse of public office for private benefits. For cross country analysis, public sector corruption is mainly focused. In this study, we have analyzed the 41 developing countries to investigate the determinants of corruption. Corruption determinants are sub-divided into economic determinants and non-economic determinants. The economic determinants include economic freedom, globalization, level of education, distribution of income and average level of income. The non-economic determinants list consists on press freedom, democracy and share of population affiliated with particular religion. The empirical findings of the study indicates that; all economic determinants are negatively related to the perceived level of corruption except distribution of income and non-economic determinants are not significantly explaining the variations in the level of corruption. This shows that the socio-political and religious norms are so weak that they can not affect the corruption level in these countries. The contribution of religion in people's practical life is very little, so the cultural values of developing countries are not religion based. Therefore, perceived level of corruption is not affected by the religion. This study concluded that government should focus the economic factors to curb the level of corruption. --
Determinants of corruption in developing countries
Get PDFCorruption is not a new phenomenon; we are living with it since the birth of government's institutions. Corruption has two dimensions; public sector corruption and private sector corruption. The public sector corruption means, misuse of public office for private benefits. For cross country analysis, public sector corruption is mainly focused. In this study, we have analyzed the 41 developing countries to investigate the determinants of corruption. Corruption determinants are sub-divided into economic determinants and non-economic determinants. The economic determinants include economic freedom, globalization, level of education, distribution of income and average level of income. The non-economic determinants list consists on press freedom, democracy and share of population affiliated with particular religion. The empirical findings of the study indicates that; all economic determinants are negatively related to the perceived level of corruption except distribution of income and non-economic determinants are not significantly explaining the variations in the level of corruption. This shows that the socio-political and religious norms are so weak that they can not affect the corruption level in these countries. The contribution of religion in people's practical life is very little, so the cultural values of developing countries are not religion based. Therefore, perceived level of corruption is not affected by the religion. This study concluded that government should focus the economic factors to curb the level of corruption
Factors Affecting Cotton Production in Pakistan:Empirical Evidence from Multan District
Get PDFThis paper attempts to examine the factors affecting cotton production in Multan region using primary source of data. A sample of 60 small farmers, 25 medium and 15 large farmers was randomly selected from two Tehsils namely Multan and Shujabad of district Multan. The Cobb-Douglas Production Function is employed to assess the effects of various inputs like cultivation, seed and sowing, irrigation, fertilizer, plant protection, inter-culturing / hoeing and labour cost on cotton yield. The results depicted that seed, fertilizer and irrigation were found scarce commodity for all category of farmers in district Multan. The Cobb-Douglas Production Function results revealed that the coefficients for cultivation (0.113) and seed (0.103) were found statistically significant at 1 percent level. The Cost-Benefit Ratio for the large farmers was found higher (1.41) than that of small (1.22) and medium (1.24) farmers. There is a dire need to ensure the availability of these scarce inputs by both public and private sectors as these inputs were major requirement of the cotton crop.Cotton; Cobb- Douglas Production Function; Cost Benefit Ratio; Marginal Value Product; Allocate Efficiency of Critical Inputs; Multan District; Pakistan
The Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Women Work Participation in Pakistan: Evidence from Bahawalpur District
Get PDFThe analysis of labour market participation is useful for formulating employment and human resource development policies. Females form almost more than half of the total population in Pakistan play a very important role in the country. The present study endeavors to estimate the various factors which affect the women work participation. The study is based on the cross-section data collected through field survey. The logistic regression technique is employed to estimate the determinants of female labour force participation. Educational attainment levels turn out to be very significant determinant. Female’s labour force participation rises with increasing level of education. Presence of children in early age groups reduces the female labour force participation. The results of the study conclude that female education is necessary for better employment opportunities.Female labor force participation; Female education; Household Income; Family Dependents; Marital Status; Children; Logit Model; Pakistan
Violence and Learning Skills of Children: Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan
No full textThis study examines the impact of violence (verbal and physical) on the learning skills of children in Punjabi society where punishment is considered socio-culturally acceptable and the practice of violence is considered as a normal way to solve problems. To find the impact of violence we have employed data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2017, which has incorporated new questions regarding the quality of education and prevalence of violence on children in the context of SDGs. We have constructed indices of physical violence, verbal violence, and learning outcomes. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique has been employed to estimate the learning status of children. Learning outcomes of quantitative ability are estimated by using ordered logistic regression because it is a categorical variable. We have also estimated the effect of violence on the English reading skills and English comprehension of children through the logistic regression model. Results concluded that both types of violence affect learning outcomes negatively and significantly after controlling other household and demographic variables
Aid effectiveness in education sector of Pakistan
Get PDFThe main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of sector-specific foreign aid given to education sector and aggregate foreign aid on the national educational outcomes of Pakistan, respectively
Penentu ketidakpadanan pekerjaan dalam kalangan graduan: Kajian kes pekerja perkeranian di Lahore, Pakistan
Get PDFJob mismatch among graduates reflects inefficiencies in the labor market. An imbalance between the demand and supply of graduates in the labor market leads to a horizontal mismatch. Nations make progress based on knowledge and education but despite obtaining higher education individuals are unable to find a job related to their field of study. This phenomenon occurs when educational institutes produce a large number of graduates while on the other hand, the supply of graduates exceeds the demand for graduates. This study aims to find out the determinants of horizontal mismatch and to analyze the reasons why workers have accepted the mismatched job. By using the worker’s self-assessment method required data is collected from the clerical workers of public and private sector universities at Lahore in 2019. These universities include the University of the Punjab, Lahore, and the University of Management and Technology, Lahore. Results of Logistic Regression analysis concluded that cost of job search, asymmetric information, and methods used to find a job are the most important determinants of job-mismatch. This study has also analyzed the reasons why workers have accepted their present mismatched job. Findings concluded that individuals accepted mismatched-job due to pay and promotion opportunities and a good working environment. This study suggested establishing linkages between educational institutes and industries to better formulate the policy that reduces the extent of horizontal mismatch.Ketidakpadanan pekerjaan mencerminkan ketidakcekapan dalam pasaran buruh. Ketidakseimbangan antara permintaan dan penawaran graduan dalam pasaran buruh membawa kepada ketidakpadanan mendatar. Negara maju berdasarkan pengetahuan dan Pendidikan tetapi walaupun memperoleh Pendidikan tinggi individu tidak dapat mencari pekerjaan yang berkaitan dengan bidang pengajian mereka. Fenomena ini berlaku apabila institut pendidikan mengeluarkan sejumlah besar graduan tetapi pasaran buruh tidak dapat menyerapnya dengan cekap kerana keterbatasan pekerjaan yang tersedia. Matlamat kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahuif aktor-faktor penentu ketidakpadanan mendatar dan menganalisis sebab-sebab pekerja telah menerima pekerjaan tidak sepadan. Dengan menggunakan kaedah penilaian kendiri pekerja, data yang diperlukan dikumpulkan daripada pekerjaper keranian universiti awam dan swasta di Lahore pada 2019. Universiti yang disasarkan termasuk Universiti Punjab, Lahore dan Universiti Pengurusan dan Teknologi. Keputusan analisis Regresi Logistik menunjukkan bahawa kos pencarian kerja, maklumat asimetri dan kaedah yang digunakan untuk mencari pekerjaan adalah penentu paling penting ketidakpadanan kerja. Kajian ini juga menganalisis sebab-sebab pekerja telah menerima pekerjaan mereka sekarang jika kerja itu tidak berkaitan dengan bidang pengajian mereka. Sebab-sebabini termasuk: disebabkan peluang gaji dan kenaikan pangkat, persekitaran kerja yang baik, lokasi pejabat, sekatan keluarga, perubahan minat kerjaya. Pekerjaan yang berkaitan dengan bidang pengajian tidak tersedia. Dapatan menyimpulkan bahawa individu menerima pekerjaan tidak sepadan kerana peluang gaji dan kenaikan pangkat serta persekitaran kerja yang baik. Kajian mencadangkan bahawa mesti ada hubungan yang kuku hantara institut pendidikan dan industri untuk merumuskan dasar yang lebih baik yang mengurangkan tahap ketidakpadanan mendatar
Trends in Inequality in Pakistan between 1998-99 and 2001-02
Get PDFAlthough there has been a much debate on poverty in Pakistan in recent time, the discussion on inequality remained limited. Poverty and inequality are closely linked—for a given mean income, the more unequal the income distribution, the larger the percentage of the population living in income poverty. Thus, incomes at the top and in the middle of the distribution may be just as important to us in perceiving and measuring poverty as those at the bottom. It is, thus, important to monitor the whole income distribution rather than merely the bottom of distribution. The issue of income inequality in Pakistan has been important in the policy discussions since the early 1960s. Since then, a number of attempts have been made to estimate the income or expenditure inequality using the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data. However, a perception of increasing absolute poverty in Pakistan has shifted the focus of studies from inequality (or relative poverty) to absolute poverty. Consequently, a number of attempts have been made by various authors/institutions to estimate the poverty in Pakistan in the 1990s. The debate on trends in poverty during the 1990s—an era of stabilisation and structural adjustment has been wide-ranging in Pakistan. However, there is no discussion on the changes in income distribution from the policy and institutional reforms. World Bank (2003); FBS (2001) and Kemal (2003) are only three exceptions. While the former two studies report Gini Coefficients in their studies on absolute poverty in Pakistan without explaining its variations over time, the latter study is a comprehensive review on the income distribution in Pakistan. It is this context that guided the author to evaluate the trends in inequality in Pakistan using the most recently available household data sets—PIHS 1998-99 and 2001-02. The results for the year 2001-02 are being presented for the first time, which should be useful to
The Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Women Work Participation in Pakistan: Evidence from Bahawalpur District
Get PDFThe analysis of labour market participation is useful for formulating employment and human resource development policies. Females form almost more than half of the total population in Pakistan play a very important role in the country. The present study endeavors to estimate the various factors which affect the women work participation. The study is based on the cross-section data collected through field survey. The logistic regression technique is employed to estimate the determinants of female labour force participation. Educational attainment levels turn out to be very significant determinant. Female’s labour force participation rises with increasing level of education. Presence of children in early age groups reduces the female labour force participation. The results of the study conclude that female education is necessary for better employment opportunities
