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RAPOPORT H. F., FABBRI A., SEBASTIANI L., 2016. Olive Biology. In Rugini, E., Baldoni, L., Muleo, R., Sebastiani, L. (Eds.), “The Olive Genome”, pp. 13-26. Springer, Heidelberg.
No full textThe olive is a medium-sized evergreen tree, which integrates a unique set
of morphological and developmental characteristics suited to the relatively
dry, rustic conditions of its Mediterranean origin. Also particular to the
olive tree are its numerous small fruits, which are rich in oil that is highly
appreciated for both flavor and health benefits. The Olea europaea species
includes both wild and cultivated forms, and both a long period of
domestication and the perseverance of wild varieties provide a range of
morphological variation, as does the developmental plasticity of this
species. This chapter reviews the general growth and taxonomy of the
olive tree and describes its vegetative and reproductive morphology and
anatomy. Basic structural features of the trunk and branches, leaves, roots,
flowers, fruits, and seeds are described. Current research is indicated for
the structures discussed, and information provided regarding adaptive
significance, environmental influences, and genetically based variability
among cultivars or between wild and cultivated genotypes
Plasticity of plant development in apricot as determined by genome and surrounding light. Iacona C, Cirilli M, Silvestri C, Pistelli L., Muleo R
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Using genome plasticity to generate in Vitro Rootstocks Tolerant Waterlogging in Vivo. Muleo R, Iacona C, Pistelli L., Cirilli M, Silvestri C
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The effect of light quality on anther culture of Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.
No full textThis pre lim i nary re search re ports re sults on the in flu ence of light qual ity on an ther cul ture of Cit rus clementina Hort. ex Tan., cultivar Nules. Af ter one month of cul ti va tion in dark - ness, four light quali ties were tested: White, Red, Far-Red and Blue. Con tin u ous Dark ness and White light un der photoperiod of 16 hrs were used as a con trol con di tions. Ga metic embryoids and embryogenic cal lus were ob tained only un der photoperiodic con di tions of White light, sug gest ing that the al - ter na tion of light and dark can be used for the pro cess of ga - metic embryogenesis in Cit rus
Morpho-physiological approaches to investigate lime-induced chlorosis in deciduous fruit trees species
No full textSeveral deciduous fruit tree species are affected by iron chlorosis when grown in calcareous soils and worldwide research on rootstock breeding and screening in relation to iron deficiency is carried out. For many years the goal of our department has been to investigate morphological and physiological aspects related to lime‐induced chlorosis, and to identify markers usable as tools for tolerance screening of clonal rootstocks. Experimental strategies using pot, hydroponic and in vitro culture have been used to understand if they are able to originate suitable indicators on developmental and biochemical changes resulting from iron deficiency. Results risen up from in vitro trials suggest that iron deficiency sensitive system should work in a divergent way from that of bicarbonate system. Physiological and morphological data highlight diverse syndromes and behaviors among the genotypes, probably reflecting properly perception, regulation, and activation of biological answer system to iron deficiency and bicarbonate. Recently, quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) minus‐ and plus‐variants have been obtained by in vitro somaclonal variation to clarify the agonistic relationship between bicarbonate and iron deficiency sensitive systems, that in turn can induce the activation of two specific gene expression pathways
Morphophysiological markers apt to individuate different susceptibility of pear rootstocks cultivated in 'in vitro' iron-deficient conditions
No full textIn many deciduous fruit trees species lime-induced chlorosis represents a serious economical damage. It may be overcome by agronomic strategies, as the use of tolerant rootstocks, valid alternative to reduce expensive iron-chelate fertilisation and chemical environmental impact. Since few years in vitro culture technique is applied to test rootstocks for iron chlorosis susceptibility. Micropropagated shoots were used for screening of quince rootstocks MA and BA 29, and pear cv. Conference under stress conditions on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of FeNaEDTA, 100%=0.1 mM Fe (FeN) and 15%=0.015 mM (Fe15), and/or potassium bicarbonate, 0 mM (FeN) and 1 mM KHCO3 (FeNC and Fe15C). After 24 days, substrate pH, shoot growth markers, total leaf iron and photosynthetic pigment contents were determined. The medium pH reduction resulted similar among genotypes but different among treatments. Iron deficiency and high bicarbonate concentration induced different growth performances among the genotypes, reflecting a different sensibility and plastic adapation to the induced iron chlorosis. Total leaf iron content decreased in all genotypes, when iron deficiency and bicarbonate concentration increasing onto the medium, although pear cultivar showed more slight reduction. Photosynthetic pigments, analysed by HPLC, decreased in all type of stress, and the lowest levels were detected in Fe15C treatment, except for cv. Conference. A similar trend was exhibited by carotenoids, in particular by Violaxanthin.
Our preliminary data confirm the potential of in vitro culture as a rapid screening method. The choice of markers and the result interpretation will be deeply discussed in the paper
Cultivar-specific adaptation of growth and photosynthetic activity in developing apricot dense canopies
No full textLight is the most important environmental factor for plants, which are not able to modify the surrounding habitat. Many distinct features, such as light intensity and light quality, change in shade habitats, because of neighbouring vegetation, increased far-red (FR) light, reduced blue (B) and red light (R) and decreasing photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), and these have a direct effect on photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis. In apricot cultivar populations, a wide range of growth habit ideotypes are revised: from upright, standard, to open and spreading. To ascertain if the modified light quality surrounding the plant affects photosynthetic activity and habit development of four cultivars, potted plants were grown in dense-community canopies and in an open-clearing habitat. The assimilation rate differed between genotypes and was also influenced strongly by the proximity signal generated by neighbouring plants inside the canopies. Based on the observed results, all genotypes showed a strong plasticity adaptation to the open-clearing and dense-community growth habitats. Individual genotypes differ from each other in their capacity to adapt their photosynthetic system and morphological growth traits under community-canopy conditions, in relation to their intrinsic fitness strategy in shade habitats
Preliminary results on the effect of light quality on anther culture of Citrus clementina.
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