9 research outputs found
Slotcouplet: Een zorgethische studie naar de geleefde ervaring van artsen ten aanzien van gespreksvoering met patiënten en hun naasten over de laatste levensfase en het levenseinde
No full textIn het huidige maatschappelijke en wetenschappelijke debat is sprake van tegenstrijdig gedachtengoed ten aanzien van de juiste houding van artsen jegens patiënten, specifiek in het kader van het leveren van zorg aan hen die gaan sterven. Als antwoord hierop wordt in de literatuur besproken dat een arts voor het leveren van goede zorg zowel de rol van gedistantieerde medisch deskundige alsook de rol van betrokken empathische communicator moet kunnen aannemen. Hiertussen dient een arts flexibel te balanceren door kundig om te gaan met eigen emoties alsook die van de patiënt/naasten (emotionele intelligentie). De rationale van dit onderzoek was om inzicht te bieden in hoe artsen deze verschillende rollen van gedistantieerde en betrokken zorgverlener ervaren, evenals hoe zij de omgang met hun eigen emoties en die van een ander ervaren. Dit is onderzocht binnen het grotere kader van de geleefde ervaring van artsen ten aanzien van gespreksvoering over de laatste levensfase en het levenseinde, aan de hand van acht interviews met artsen die deels middels fenomenologische data-analyse en deels middels kwalitatieve thematische data-analyse geanalyseerd zijn.
Uit de bevindingen blijkt dat de geleefde ervaring van de participanten wordt gekenmerkt door het ‘gevoel van onderdeel te mogen zijn van een intiem proces tussen mensen dat zich kenmerkt door de confrontatie met kwetsbaarheid, waarbij bij het vormgeven van het zorg- en sterfproces ook gevoelens van onmacht en onzekerheid kunnen opspelen, evenals een strijd van meerstemmigheid.’ In het kader van goede zorg, bespreekt dit onderzoek dat deze meerstemmigheid inherent is aan het leveren van zorg waarbij zorgverlener en zorgontvanger(s) samen vorm geven aan een zorgproces. Daarnaast beschrijft dit onderzoek hoe ruimte bij het vormgeven van het zorgproces op verschillende manieren een essentiële rol lijkt te spelen, in het bijzonder voor de manier waarop de participanten emoties en de dynamiek tussen betrokkenheid en distantie ervaren. Hierbij lijkt ruimte voor emoties nauw verbonden te zijn met de acceptatie van zorgontvangers van de naderende dood: acceptatie creëert ruimte voor emotie en versterkt de betrokkenheid van de participant; het niet accepteren beperkt de ruimte en versterkt distantie. Daarnaast is de ruimte voor emoties verbonden met identificatie van de participant met de zorgontvangers: identificatie creëert ruimte voor emotie en confrontatie met kwetsbaarheid; het niet identificeren met ‘de ander’ beperkt deze ruimte en versterkt distantie. Voor het leveren van goede zorg in de laatste levensfase betekent dit dat zorgverleners bewust moeten omgaan met deze barrières die de ruimte voor emotie in het zorgproces inperken zodat het vormen van een emotionele band tussen zorgverlener en zorgontvanger, die juist voor goede zorg in de laatste levensfase zo belangrijk is, niet wordt belet
Water in de Waalsprong: Een ruimtelijk ontwerp van natte infrastructuur in de Waalsprong
No full textDoordat er in de gemeente Nijmegen niet meer voldoende ruimte is voor verdere stadsuitbreiding, is deze bezig met plannen voor stadsuitbreiding aan de noordzijde van de Waal. Dit project wordt de Waalsprong genoemd. De bedoeling van de gemeente Nijmegen is dat er voor het jaar 2005, 6500 woningen worden gebouwd in de nieuwe woningbouwlokaties in het Waalsprong-gebied. De gemeente Nijmegen heeft haar plannen voor de Waalsprong gepresenteerd in het concept structuurplan "Land over de Waal" . In dit plan komen verschillende natte infrastructuurelementen aan de orde. Dit zijn in het geval van de Waalsprong: \u95 retentieplassen (plassen voor het bergen en vasthouden van regenwater uit de Waalsprong) \u95 helophytenfilters (natuurlijke filters voor het zuiveren van regenwater uit de Waalsprong) \u95 het open water van het waterbeheersingssysteem (kanalen voor de afvoer van water) Tevens is er een voor recreatievaart bevaarbaar watersysteem in de Waalsprong gepland. Dit best aat uit de elementen: \u95 recreatievaartkanaal (het zogenaamde Overbetuwekanaal dat de Waal en de Rijn met elkaar zal gaan verbinden) \u95 jachthaven (die aansluit op het Overbetuwekanaal) Hoe deze elementen zich ruimtelijk ten opzichte van elkaar verhouden is te zien in figuur 1.1. Het doel van deze afstudeerscriptie is Het maken van een analyse van natte infrastructuurelementen in de Waalsprong, waarbij gekeken wordt hoe deze elementen ruimtelijk vormgegeven kunnen worden Aan deze doelstelling is als volgt inhoud gegeven: Allereerst is het plan van de gemeente Nijmegen onder de loep genomen. Er is gekeken wat de plannen precies inhouden en waaraan de Waalsprong moet voldoen.Transport & PlanningCivil Engineering and Geoscience
De uitbreiding van het zuidelijk spitskopje Conocephalus discolor in Zuid-Limburg (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
No full textThe expansion of Conocephalus discolor in the southern part of the province of Limburg (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
The range of Conocephalus discolor (Thunberg, 1815) in northwestern Europe and Britain has expanded substantially during the last decades. The species is known from the Netherlands since 1990 but was not found in the southern part of the province of Limburg until 1997. In 1997, triggered by an accidental find of a population in his neighbourhood, the author became highly interested and started investigating the distribution of C. discolor in these surroundings. The localities both where the species has been observed and those where it not has been found, are mapped. It became clear that the species is common between Kerkrade and Geleen. This area, covering a former coalmining-district, is quite urbanised and except for a few more natural sites not extensively examined before. The habitat ranges from dry to slightly wet, referring consistently to rough grassland with or without coarse herbaceous vegetation. These habitats are quite often presented by urban wasteland, roadside verges and railway lines, neglected fields and meadows, river banks, pools and pits. The species was not found in dry heathland. The number of observed individuals per site ranged from a single specimen to florishing populations. At a few sites a single or a few individuals were found in a habitat patch as small as 100 m2 or even less. The species was found together with a number of other Orthoptera, sometimes only with the most common ones as Chorthippus parallelus and C. biguttulus. In 20 of the 54 localities visited by the author, C. discolor was found together with P. falcata, which is also expanding its range and in seven localities together with the related C. dorsalis. The number of localities, density and size of some populations do suggest that C. discolor is already present since a number of years in this part of Limburg. However, as the localities with C. discolor become scarcer towards the western part of the study area, it is expected that the expansion will continue in the coming years. To follow this process further regular evaluations are needed
Drivers of woody dominance across global drylands
No full textIncreases in the abundance of woody species have been reported to affect the provisioning of ecosystem services in drylands worldwide. However, it is virtually unknown how multiple biotic and abiotic drivers, such as climate, grazing, and fire, interact to determine woody dominance across global drylands. We conducted a standardized field survey in 304 plots across 25 countries to assess how climatic features, soil properties, grazing, and fire affect woody dominance in dryland rangelands. Precipitation, temperature, and grazing were key determinants of tree and shrub dominance. The effects of grazing were determined not solely by grazing pressure but also by the dominant livestock species. Interactions between soil, climate, and grazing and differences in responses to these factors between trees and shrubs were key to understanding changes in woody dominance. Our findings suggest that projected changes in climate and grazing pressure may increase woody dominance in drylands, altering their structure and functioning.We would like to dedicate this article to the loving memory of coauthor Tulio Arredondo, who died during the publication of this article. He was a very good person and his sympathy, dedication, and willingness to help will be greatly missed. We thank CONAF and the agricultural community in Quebrada de Talca (Chile) for the access to the sites. We thank R. Peters, A. L. Piña, R. Ledezma, E. Vidal, and F. Perona for help in the field. Funding: This research was funded by the European Research Council [ERC grant agreement 647038 (BIODESERT) awarded to F.T.M.] and Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/041). L.B. is sponsored by a postdoctoral fellowship of Agencia I+D+i (PICT 2019-2645) and a grant for a short-term research stay by the Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBACYT 20020170100687BA). F.T.M. acknowledges support from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), the KAUST Climate and Livability Initiative, and the University of Alicante (UADIF22-74 and VIGROB22-350). M.R.A. is supported by grants from Agencia I+D+i (PICT-2020-SERIEA-IA-03336) and CONICET (PIP 2019-11220200103016CO). D.J.E. is supported by the Hermon Slade Foundation (HSF21040). H.S. is supported by a María Zambrano fellowship funded by the Ministry of Universities and European Union-Next Generation plan. C.P. is supported by grant PID2020-116578RB-I00 (VULCOCLIM) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. B.Bo. and B.By. are supported by the Taylor Family-Asia Foundation Endowed Chair in Ecology and Conservation Biology. F.J. is supported by German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the SPACES projects OPTIMASS (FKZ: 01LL1302A) and ORYCS (FKZ: 01LL1804A). A.J. is supported by Bavarian Research Alliance, grant BayIntAn-UBT-2017-61. A.L. and L.K. are supported by German Research Foundation (DFG) through the collaborative research center “Future Rural Africa” (funding codes TRR 228/1 and TRR 228/2). L.K. acknowledges travel funds from the Hans Merensky Foundation. M.K. acknowledges Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (grant no. SFRH/BD/130274/ 2017, project UIDB/00329/2020 (DOI 10.54499/UIDB/00329/2020) and project Renewal PTDC/ASP-SIL/7743/2020 (DOI 10.54499/ PTDC/ASP-SIL/7743/2020), and the Global Change and Sustainability Institute. J.V.S.M. is supported by Fulbright Program. L.v.d.B. and M.Y.B. were funded by German Research Foundation (DFG) Priority Program SPP-1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” (TI 338/14-1 and BA 3843/6-1). A.R. acknowledges support from the FCT (SFRH/BDP/108913/2015), as well as from the MCTES, FSE, UE, and the CFE (UIDB/04004/2021) research unit financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC). C.B. acknowledges the funding of (i) Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia through the project UIDB/00329/2020 (DOI 10.54499/ UIDB/00329/2020), (ii) Plano de Recuperação e Resiliência: AdaptForGrazing PRR-C05-i03-I-000035, and (iii) Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE). L.Y. is supported by grants from Agencia I+D+i (PICT-2019-02324) and CONICET (PIP 2022-11220210100681CO). H.L.T. was supported by NSF 1620476. C. Bu acknowledges the funding of National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41971131). M.Bo. acknowledges funding provided by the School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University. M.F. acknowledges a grant provided by Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. L.W. acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation (EAR 1554894). Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. Author contributions: Conceptualization: L.B., F.T.M., M.R.A., D.J.E., G.R.O., Y.L.B.-P., H.S., and N.G. Methodology: F.T.M., N.G., Y.L.B.-P., D.J.E., and H.S. Investigation: F.T.M., D.J.E., G.R.O., Y.L.B.-P., H.S., N.G., V.O., B.G., S.A., E.G., E.V., M.Be., C.P., J.M.-V., B.J.M., M.G.-G., M.A., R.J.A., J.M.A., F.A., J.D.A., V.A., T.A., M.Y.B., K.B., F.B.S., N.B., B.Bo., M.Bo., C.B., C. Bu, B.By., D.A.C., A.P.C.M., H.C., P.C.-Q., R.C., A.A.C., C.M.C., D.A.D., A.D., H.E., C.I.E., A.F., M.F., D.F., L.H.F., J.J.G., L.A.G., E.G.-M., R.M.H.-H., N.H., E.H.-S., F.M.H., O.J., F.J., A.J., M.J., K.F.K., L.K., M.K., P.C.l.R., P.L., A.L., J.L., M.A.L., G.M.-K., O.M.I., E.M., P.M., J.V.S.M., J.P.M., G.M., S.M.M., G.O., Y.P., R.E.Q., S.C.R., P.J.R., A.R., L.B.R., V.R., J.C.R., O.S., A.S., I.S., C.R.A.S., A.M.S., A.L.T., A.D.T., H.L.T., K.T., S.K.T., L.v.d.B., V.W., W.W., D.W., L.W., P.W., L.Y., and E.Z. Formal analysis: L.B., H.S., Y.L.B.-P., and N.G. Supervision: F.T.M. Writing—original draft: L.B., F.T.M., and M.R.A. Writing—review and editing: L.B., F.T.M., M.R.A., D.J.E., N.G., H.S., G.R.O., A.T.A., L.Y., Y.L.B.-P., C.P., E.G., T.A., L.v.d.B., L.K., M.K., M.Be., M.Y.B., A.F., A.L.T., D.A.D., B.Bo., E.Z., Y.P., C.M.C., A.A.C., V.O., B.G., S.A., E.V., M.Bo., J.M.-V., B.J.M., M.G.-G., M.A., R.J.A., J.M.A., F.A., J.D.A., V.A., K.B., F.B.S., N.B., C.B., C. Bu, B.By., D.A.C., A.P.C.M., H.C., P.C.-Q., R.C., A.D., H.E., C.I.E., M.F., D.F., L.H.F., J.J.G., L.A.G., E.G.-M., R.M.H.-H., N.H., E.H.-S., F.M.H., O.J., F.J., A.J., M.J., K.F.K., P.C.l.R., P.L., A.L., J.L., M.A.L., G.M.-K., O.M.I., E.M., P.M., J.V.S.M., J.P.M., G.M., S.M.M., G.O., R.E.Q., S.C.R., P.J.R., A.R., L.B.R., V.R., J.C.R., O.S., A.S., I.S., C.R.A.S., A.M.S., A.D.T., H.L.T., K.T., S.K.T., V.W., W.W., D.W., L.W., and P.W. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. The data and R code used for this study are available in figshare (https://figshare.com/s/0651d1cb12ce1d13c046)
The value of signs and symptoms in differentiating between bacterial, viral and mixed aetiology in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
No full textCurrent diagnostics for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) include testing for a wide range of pathogens, which is costly and not always informative. We compared clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with CAP caused by different groups of pathogens to evaluate the potential for targeted diagnostics and directed treatment. In a prospective study, conducted between April 2008 and April 2009, adult patients with CAP were tested for the presence of a broad range of possible respiratory pathogens using bacterial cultures, PCR, urinary antigen testing and serology. Of 408 patients with CAP, pathogens were detected in 263 patients (64.5%). Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A virus were the most frequently identified bacterial and viral pathogens, respectively. Age had a significant effect on the prediction of aetiology (P50.054), with an increase in the relative contribution of viruses with advancing age. Multivariate analyses further showed that the presence of cough increased the likelihood of detecting a viral pathogen [odds ratio (OR) 5.536, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.130-14.390], the presence of immunodeficiency decreased the likelihood of detecting a bacterial pathogen (OR 0.595, 95% CI 0.246-1.437) and an increase in pneumonia severity index score increased the likelihood of detecting a pathogen in general. Although several variables were independently associated with the detection of a pathogen group, substantial overlap meant there were no reliable clinical predictors to distinguish aetiologies. Therefore, testing for common respiratory pathogens is still necessary to optimize treatment
An insulin hypersecretion phenotype precedes pancreatic β cell failure in MODY3 patient-specific cells
No full textMODY3 is a monogenic hereditary form of diabetes caused by mutations in the transcription factor HNF1A. The patients progressively develop hyperglycemia due to perturbed insulin secretion, but the pathogenesis is unknown. Using patient-specific hiPSCs, we recapitulate the insulin secretion sensitivity to the membrane depolarizing agent sulfonylurea commonly observed in MODY3 patients. Unexpectedly, MODY3 patient-specific HNF1A+/R272C β cells hypersecrete insulin both in vitro and in vivo after transplantation into mice. Consistently, we identified a trend of increased birth weight in human HNF1A mutation carriers compared with healthy siblings. Reduced expression of potassium channels, specifically the KATP channel, in MODY3 β cells, increased calcium signaling, and rescue of the insulin hypersecretion phenotype by pharmacological targeting ATP-sensitive potassium channels or low-voltage-activated calcium channels suggest that more efficient membrane depolarization underlies the hypersecretion of insulin in MODY3 β cells. Our findings identify a pathogenic mechanism leading to β cell failure in MODY3.MODY3 is a monogenic hereditary form of diabetes caused by mutations in the transcription factor HNF1A. The patients progressively develop hyperglycemia due to perturbed insulin secretion, but the pathogenesis is unknown. Using patient-specific hiPSCs, we recapitulate the insulin secretion sensitivity to the membrane depolarizing agent sulfonylurea commonly observed in MODY3 patients. Unexpectedly, MODY3 patient-specific HNF1A+/R272C β cells hypersecrete insulin both in vitro and in vivo after transplantation into mice. Consistently, we identified a trend of increased birth weight in human HNF1A mutation carriers compared with healthy siblings. Reduced expression of potassium channels, specifically the KATP channel, in MODY3 β cells, increased calcium signaling, and rescue of the insulin hypersecretion phenotype by pharmacological targeting ATP-sensitive potassium channels or low-voltage-activated calcium channels suggest that more efficient membrane depolarization underlies the hypersecretion of insulin in MODY3 β cells. Our findings identify a pathogenic mechanism leading to β cell failure in MODY3.</p
Large-scale analysis of structural brain asymmetries in schizophrenia via the ENIGMA consortium
No full textENIGMA consortium: et al.Left-right asymmetry is an important organizing feature of the healthy brain that may be altered in schizophrenia, but most studies have used relatively small samples and heterogeneous approaches, resulting in equivocal findings. We carried out the largest case-control study of structural brain asymmetries in schizophrenia, with MRI data from 5,080 affected individuals and 6,015 controls across 46 datasets, using a single image analysis protocol. Asymmetry indexes were calculated for global and regional cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical volume measures. Differences of asymmetry were calculated between affected individuals and controls per dataset, and effect sizes were meta-analyzed across datasets. Small average case-control differences were observed for thickness asymmetries of the rostral anterior cingulate and the middle temporal gyrus, both driven by thinner left-hemispheric cortices in schizophrenia. Analyses of these asymmetries with respect to the use of antipsychotic medication and other clinical variables did not show any significant associations. Assessment of age- and sex-specific effects revealed a stronger average leftward asymmetry of pallidum volume between older cases and controls. Case-control differences in a multivariate context were assessed in a subset of the data (N = 2,029), which revealed that 7% of the variance across all structural asymmetries was explained by case-control status. Subtle case-control differences of brain macrostructural asymmetry may reflect differences at the molecular, cytoarchitectonic, or circuit levels that have functional relevance for the disorder. Reduced left middle temporal cortical thickness is consistent with altered left-hemisphere language network organization in schizophrenia.The ENIGMA project is in part supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the NIH (U54EB020403). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Individual Funding Sources: D.S., M.C.P., S.E.F., and C.F.: Max Planck Society (Germany). R.A.-A.: Miguel Servet contract from the Carlos III Health Institute (CP18/00003). J.V.-B.: Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL) (INT/A21/10, INT/A20/04). D.A.: South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2019107, 2020086). L.T.W.: Research Council of Norway (223273, 300767), South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2019101), and European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (ERC StG, 802998). O.A.A.: Research Council of Norway (223273, 275054), KG Jebsen Stiftelsen, South East Norway Health Authority (2017-112, 2019-108). P.K.: NIH (R01MH123163, R01EB015611). M.J.G.: National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (630471, 1051672, 1081603). C.P.: NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship (1105825), NHMRC L3 Investigator Grant (1196508). V.D.C.: NIH (R01MH118695), NSF (2112455). J.M.F.: Senior Research Career Scientist Award, Department of Veterans Affairs. P.F.-C.: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, cofunded by European Union (European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)/European Social Fund (ESF), “Investing in your future”): Sara Borrell Research contract (CD19/00149). G.S.: Italian Ministry of Health (RC17-18-19-20-21/A). A.N.V.: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Canada Foundation for Innovation, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Foundation, University of Toronto. Y.-C.C.: Korean Mental Health Technology R&D Project (HL19C0015) and Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (HI18C2383), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea. J.M.S.: NIH (1P20RR021938-01). A.R.M.: NIH (P30GM122734, R01MH101512). C.M.D.-C.: Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PI17/00481, PI20/00721, JR19/00024). S. Cervenka: Swedish Research Council (523-2014-3467). M. Kirschner: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) (P2SKP3_178175). T.H.: CIHR (142255), Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (16-32791A, NU20-04-00393), Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (BBRF) Young and Independent Investigator Awards. A. James: Medical Research Council (MRC) (G0500092). P.H.: NARSAD grant from the BBRF (28445), Research Grant from the Novartis Foundation (20A058). R.C.G.: NIH (1R01MH117014, 1R01MH119219). N.J.: NIH (R01MH117601). S.E.M.: NHMRC (APP1172917). J.A.T.: NIH (R01MH121246). Dataset-Specific Funding Sources and Acknowledgments: AMC: Supported by grants from The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) (3160007, 91676084, 31160003, 31180002, 31000056, 2812412, 100001002, 100002034), the Dutch Research Council (NWO) (90461193, 40007080, 48004004, 40003330), the Amsterdam Brain Imaging Platform, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and the Dutch Brain Foundation. Processing with FreeSurfer was performed on the Dutch e-Science Grid through BiG Grid project and COMMIT project “e-Biobanking with imaging for healthcare,” which are funded by the NWO. ASRB: Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank, supported by the NHMRC (Enabling Grant, 386500), the Pratt Foundation, Ramsay Health Care, the Viertel Charitable Foundation, and the Schizophrenia Research Institute. Chief Investigators for ASRB were S.V.C., P.T.M., B.J.M., U.S., R.J.S., V.J.C., F.A.H., C.P., Assen Jablensky. We thank C.M.L., the ASRB Manager, and acknowledge the help of Jason Bridge for ASRB database queries. CAMH: Datasets were collected and shared with support from the CAMH Foundation and the CIHR. CASSI (Cognitive and Affective Symptoms in Schizophrenia Intervention): Supported by the University of New South Wales School of Psychiatry, the NHMRC (568807), Neuroscience Research Australia, the Schizophrenia Research Institute utilizing infrastructure funding from NSW Ministry of Health, the Macquarie Group Foundation, and the ASRB (see above). CIAM (Cortical Inhibition and Attentional Modulation): The CIAM group (PI: F.M.H.) was supported by the University Research Committee, University of Cape Town; South African National Research Foundation (NRF); South African Medical Research Council (SA MRC). CLING (Clinical Neuroscience Goettingen): Sample data collection partially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (GR1950/5-1 to O.G.). COBRE (Center for Biomedical Research Excellence): Supported by NIH (R01EB006841, P20GM103472, 5R01MH094524 to V.D.C. and J.A.T. R01AA021771 and P50AA022534 to J.M.S.), and the NSF (1539067). EdinburghEHRS: Funded by the MRC (G9226254, G9825423), the Dr. Mortimer and Theresa Sackler Foundation. EdinburghFunc: Funded by the MRC Clinical Training Fellowship (G84/5699) and Health Foundation Clinician Scientist Fellowship (2268/4295). EdinburghSFMH: Funded by an award from the Translational Medicine Research Collaboration (NS_EU_166), Scottish Enterprise, Pfizer, the Dr. Mortimer and Theresa Sackler Foundation. The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336. Is e buidheann carthannais a th’ ann an Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann, clàraichte an Alba, àireamh clàraidh SC005336. EONCKS: Supported by the SA MRC and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development initiative through the Department of Science and Technology of South Africa (#65174). ESO: Supported by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (NU20-04-00393). FBIRN (Function Biomedical Informatics Research Network): Supported by the National Center for Research Resources at the NIH (1 U24 RR021992 (FBIRN) and 1 U24 RR025736-01 (Biomedical Informatics Research Network Coordinating Center; http://www.birncommunity.org)). Data were processed by the UCI High-Performance Computing cluster supported by Joseph Farran (supported by NIMH R01 MH-58262), Harry Mangalam, and Adam Brenner (supported by NIH 5R01 MH61603, 2R01MH058251), and the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH (through grant UL1 TR000153). FBIRN thank Mrs. Liv McMillan for overall study coordination. FOR2107 Marburg: Funded by the DFG, T.T.J.K. (speaker FOR2107; KI588/14-1, KI588/14-2), Axel Krug (KR3822/5-1, KR3822/7-2), I.N. (NE2254/1-2, NE2254/3-1, NE2254/4-1), Carsten Konrad (KO4291/3-1), and A. Jansen (JA1890/7-1, JA1890/7-2). FOR2107 Münster: Funded by the DFG (FOR2107 DA1151/5-1, DA1151/5-2 to U.D.; SFB-TRR58, Projects C09 and Z02 to U.D.) and the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research of the medical faculty of Münster (Dan3/012/17 to U.D.). Frankfurt: MRI was performed at the Frankfurt Brain Imaging Centre, supported by the DFG and the German Ministry for Education and Research (Brain Imaging Center Frankfurt/Main, DLR01GO0203). GAP (Genetics and Psychosis): The GAP dataset represents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London, Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, and King’s College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health. GIPSI: Supported by “PRISMA U.T” Colciencias Invitación 990 del 3 de Agosto de 2017, Código 111577757629, Contrato 781 de 2017. GROUP: We thank Truda Driesen and Inge Crolla for their coordinating roles in the data collection, as well as the G.R.O.U.P. investigators: R.S.K., Don H. Linszen, Jim van Os, Durk Wiersma, Richard Bruggeman, W.C., L.dH., Lydia Krabbendam, Inez Myin-Germeys. Infrastructure for the GROUP study is funded through the Geestkracht programme of ZonMw (10-000-1001), and matching funds from participating pharmaceutical companies (Lundbeck, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag) and universities and mental health care organizations (Amsterdam: Academic Psychiatric Centre of the Academic Medical Center and the mental health institutions: GGZ Ingeest, Arkin, Dijk en Duin, GGZ Rivierduinen, Erasmus Medical Centre, GGZ Noord Holland Noord; Groningen: University Medical Center Groningen and the mental health institutions: Lentis, GGZ Friesland, GGZ Drenthe, Dimence, Mediant, GGNet Warnsveld, Yulius Dordrecht and Parnassia psycho-medical center, The Hague; Maastricht: Maastricht University Medical Centre and the mental health institutions: GGzE, GGZ Breburg, GGZ Oost-Brabant, Vincent van Gogh voor Geestelijke Gezondheid, Mondriaan, Virenze riagg, Zuyderland GGZ, MET ggz, Universitair Centrum Sint-Jozef Kortenberg, CAPRI University of Antwerp, PC Ziekeren Sint-Truiden, PZ Sancta Maria Sint-Truiden, GGZ Overpelt, OPZ Rekem; Utrecht: University Medical Center Utrecht and the mental health institutions Altrecht, GGZ Centraal, and Delta). HMS (Homburg Multidiagnosis Study): Sample data collection was supported by a grant of the Competence Network Schizophrenia to O.G. HUBIN (Human Brain Informatics): Supported by the Swedish Research Council (K2015-62X-15077-12-3), 2017-00949, the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research between Stockholm County Council and the Karolinska Institutet, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. Huilong: Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81761128021; 31671145; 81401115; 81401133), Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission grant (Z141107002514016), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7162087), Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical medicine Development of special funding (XMLX201609; zylx201409). IGP: Imaging Genetics in Psychosis study, funded by Project Grants from the NHMRC (APP630471 and APP1081603), and the Macquarie University’s ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders (CE110001021). This project used participants from the ASRB (see above), using an infrastructure grant from the NSW Ministry of Health. IMH: Supported by research grants from the National Healthcare Group, Singapore (SIG/05004; SIG/05028), and the Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (RP C009/2006) awarded to K.S. KaSP: Supported by the Swedish Research Council (K2015-62X-15077-12-3), and by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (2009-7053, 2013-2838, 523-2014-3467), the Swedish Brain Foundation, Åhlén-siftelsen, Svenska Läkaresällskapet, Petrus och Augusta Hedlunds Stiftelse, Torsten Söderbergs Stiftelse, the AstraZeneca-Karolinska Institutet Joint Research Program in Translational Science, Söderbergs Königska Stiftelse, Professor Bror Gadelius Minne, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs stiftelse, the Swedish Federal Government under the LUA/ALF agreement (C.M.S., S. Cervenka), Centre for Psychiatry Research, KID-funding from the Karolinska Institutet. Madrid: Supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (SAM16PE07CP1, PI16/02012, PI19/024), cofinanced by ERDF Funds from the European Commission, “A way of making Europe,” CIBERSAM, Madrid Regional Government (B2017/BMD-3740 AGES-CM-2), European Union Structural Funds, European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7-4-HEALTH-2009-2.2.1-2-241909—Project EU-GEI, FP7-HEALTH-2013-2.2.1-2-603196—Project PSYSCAN, and FP7-HEALTH-2013-2.2.1-2-602478—Project METSY), European Union H2020 Program under the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (115916—Project PRISM, and 777394—Project AIMS-2-TRIALS), Fundación Familia Alonso, Fundación Alicia Koplowitz. MCIC: Supported by the NIH (NIH/NCRR P41RR14075, R01EB005846 to V.D.C.), the Department of Energy (DE-FG02- 99ER62764), the Mind Research Network, the Morphometry BIRN (1U24, RR021382A), the Function BIRN (U24RR021992-01, NIH.NCRR MO1 RR025758-01, NIMH 1RC1MH089257 to V.D.C.), the DFG (research fellowship to S.E.), and a NARSAD Young Investigator Award (to S.E.). MPRC: Support received from NIH (U01MH108148, 2R01EB015611, R01MH112180, R01DA027680, R01MH085646, P50MH103222, and T32MH067533), a State of Maryland contract (M00B6400091), and NSF grant (1620457). OLIN: Supported by NIH (R01MH106324, R01MH077945). Osaka: Partially supported by AMED (JP21dm0307002, JP21dm0207069, JP21dk0307103, JP21uk1024002, and JP21wm0425012), JSPS KAKENHI (JP20H03611, JP20K06920), and Intramural Research Grant (3-1) for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders of NCNP. Computations were performed using Research Center for Computational Science, Okazaki, Japan. Oxford: We would like to thank the participants and their families, referring psychiatrists, and the Donnington Health Centre, Oxford. This study is supported by the MRC, OHSRC, UK EPSRC, BBSRC, and Wellcome Trust. PAFIP: We wish to thank all PAFIP research teams and all patients and family members who participated in the study. PAFIP has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the projects PI14/00639, PI14/00918, and PI17/01056 (cofunded by ERDF/ESF “Investing in your future”), Health Research Institute Marques de Valdecilla (NTC0235832, NCT02534363), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, FIS 00/3095, 01/3129, PI020499, PI060507, PI10/00183, the SENY Fundació Research Grant (CI 2005‐0308007), the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (API07/011), MINECOSAF2013-46292-R, PSYSCAN (Exp.: HEALTH.2013.2.2.1-2_Grant agreement no. 603196). We want to particularly acknowledge the patients and the BioBankValdecilla (PT13/0010/0024) integrated in the Spanish National Biobanks Network for its collaboration. We thank IDIVAL Neuroimaging Unit for its help in the technical execution of this work. RSCZ: Supported in part by the RFBR (20-013-00748). SCORE: This study was supported in part by the SNSF (3232BO_119382). We thank the FePsy (Frueherkennung von Psychosen; early detection of psychosis) Study Group from the University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry, Switzerland, for the recruitment of the study participants. The FePsy Study was supported in part by grant no. SNF 3200-057216/1, ext./2, ext./3. SNUH: Supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) and the Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) basic research program through the KBRI, funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (2019R1C1C1002457, 2020M3E5D9079910, 21-BR-03–01). SWIFT: Supported in part by the SNSF (320030_146789). TOP: Supported by the Research Council of Norway (#160181, 190311, 223273, 213837, 249711), the South-East Norway Health Authority (2014114, 2014097, 2017- 112), the Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Stiftelsen (SKGJ‐MED‐008), and the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013), grant agreement no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND). UCISZ: Supported by the NIMH (R21MH097196 to T.G.M.v.E.). Data were processed by the UCI High-Performance Computing cluster (see FBIRN). UMCU: Supported by ZonMw (90802123, 91746370 to H.E.H.P., and 10-000-1001 to R.S.K.). UNIBA: Supported by grant funding from the Italian Ministry of Research (2017M7SZM8_004, PI A.B.; 2017K2NEF4, PI G.P.). UNIMAAS: Supported by ZonMw (91112002) and by a personal grant to T.v.A. (ZonMw-VIDI: 91712394). This clinical trial was registered in the Dutch clinical trial registry under ID: NTR5094 (https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR5094). Zurich: Funded by the SNSF.Peer reviewe
Large-scale analysis of structural brain asymmetries in schizophrenia via the ENIGMA consortium
No full textLeft-right asymmetry is an important organizing feature of the healthy brain that may be altered in schizophrenia, but most studies have used relatively small samples-and heterogeneous approaches, resulting in equivocal findings. We carried out the largest case-control study of structural brain asymmetries in schizophrenia, with MRI data from 5,080 affected individuals and 6,015 controls across 46 datasets, using a single image analysis protocol. Asymmetry indexes were calculated for global and regional cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical volume measures. Differences of asymmetry were calculated between affected individuals and controls per dataset, and effect sizes were meta-analyzed across datasets. Small average case-control differences were observed for thickness asymmetries of the rostral anterior cingulate and the middle temporal gyrus, both driven by thinner left-hemispheric cortices in schizophrenia. Analyses of these asymmetries with respect to the use of antipsychotic medication and other clinical variables did not show any significant
associations. Assessment of age-and sex-specific effects revealed a stronger average leftward asymmetry of pallidum volume between older cases and controls. Case-control differences in a multivariate context were assessed in a subset of the data (N = 2,029), which revealed that 7% of the variance across all structural asymmetries was explained by case-control status. Subtle case-control differences of brain macrostructural asymmetry may reflect differences at the molecular, cytoarchitectonic, or circuit levels that have functional relevance for the disorder. Reduced left middle temporal cortical thickness is consistent with altered
left-hemisphere language network organization in schizophreniaAcknowledgments. The ENIGMA project is in part supported by the National
Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the NIH (U54EB020403).
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily
represent the official views of the NIH. Individual Funding Sources: D.S., M.C.P.,
S.E.F., and C.F.: Max Planck Society (Germany). R.A.-A.: Miguel Servet contract
from the Carlos III Health Institute (CP18/00003). J.V.-B.: Instituto de Investigación
Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL) (INT/A21/10, INT/A20/04). D.A.: South-Eastern Norway
Regional Health Authority (2019107, 2020086). L.T.W.: Research Council of
Norway (223273, 300767), South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority
(2019101), and European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon
2020 Research and Innovation Program (ERC StG, 802998). O.A.A.: Research
Council of Norway (223273, 275054), KG Jebsen Stiftelsen, South East
Norway Health Authority (2017-112, 2019-108). P.K.: NIH (R01MH123163,
R01EB015611). M.J.G.: National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
(630471, 1051672, 1081603). C.P.: NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship
(1105825), NHMRC L3 Investigator Grant (1196508). V.D.C.: NIH (R01MH118695),
NSF (2112455). J.M.F.: Senior Research Career Scientist Award, Department of
Veterans Affairs. P.F.-C.: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud
Mental (CIBERSAM) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, cofunded by European Union
(European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)/European Social Fund (ESF),
“Investing in your future”): Sara Borrell Research contract (CD19/00149). G.S.:
Italian Ministry of Health (RC17-18-19-20-21/A). A.N.V.: National Institute of
Mental Health (NIMH), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Canada
Foundation for Innovation, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)
Foundation, University of Toronto. Y.-C.C.: Korean Mental Health Technology R&D
Project (HL19C0015) and Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea
Health Industry Development Institute (HI18C2383), funded by the Ministry of
Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea. J.M.S.: NIH (1P20RR021938-01). A.R.M.:
NIH (P30GM122734, R01MH101512). C.M.D.-C.: Instituto de Salud Carlos III,
Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PI17/00481, PI20/00721,
JR19/00024). S. Cervenka: Swedish Research Council (523-2014-3467). M.
Kirschner: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) (P2SKP3_178175). T.H.:
CIHR (142255), Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (16-32791A, NU20-
04-00393), Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (BBRF) Young and Independent
Investigator Awards. A. James: Medical Research Council (MRC) (G0500092).
P.H.: NARSAD grant from the BBRF (28445), Research Grant from the
Novartis Foundation (20A058). R.C.G.: NIH (1R01MH117014, 1R01MH119219).
N.J.: NIH (R01MH117601). S.E.M.: NHMRC (APP1172917). J.A.T.: NIH (R01MH1
21246). Dataset-Specific Funding Sources and Acknowledgments: AMC:
Supported by grants from The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and
Development (ZonMw) (3160007, 91676084, 31160003, 31180002, 31000056,
2812412, 100001002, 100002034), the Dutch Research Council (NWO)
(90461193, 40007080, 48004004, 40003330), the Amsterdam Brain Imaging
Platform, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and the Dutch Brain Foundation.
Processing with FreeSurfer was performed on the Dutch e-Science Grid through
BiG Grid project and COMMIT project “e-Biobanking with imaging for healthcare,”
which are funded by the NWO. ASRB: Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank,
supported by the NHMRC (Enabling Grant, 386500), the Pratt Foundation,
Ramsay Health Care, the Viertel Charitable Foundation, and the Schizophrenia
Research Institute. Chief Investigators for ASRB were S.V.C., P.T.M., B.J.M., U.S.,
R.J.S., V.J.C., F.A.H., C.P., Assen Jablensky. We thank C.M.L., the ASRB Manager,
and acknowledge the help of Jason Bridge for ASRB database queries. CAMH:
Datasets were collected and shared with support from the CAMH Foundation and
the CIHR. CASSI (Cognitive and Affective Symptoms in Schizophrenia Intervention):
Downloaded from https://www.pnas.org by UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA BIBLIOTECA UNIV/OFIC.PBL.PER. on April 10, 2023 from IP address 193.144.191.20.
Supported by the University of New South Wales School of Psychiatry, the NHMRC (568807), Neuroscience Research Australia, the Schizophrenia Research Institute
utilizing infrastructure funding from NSW Ministry of Health, the Macquarie
Group Foundation, and the ASRB (see above). CIAM (Cortical Inhibition and
Attentional Modulation): The CIAM group (PI: F.M.H.) was supported by the
University Research Committee, University of Cape Town; South African National
Research Foundation (NRF); South African Medical Research Council (SA MRC).
CLING (Clinical Neuroscience Goettingen): Sample data collection partially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (GR1950/5-1 to O.G.).
COBRE (Center for Biomedical Research Excellence): Supported by NIH
(R01EB006841, P20GM103472, 5R01MH094524 to V.D.C. and J.A.T.
R01AA021771 and P50AA022534 to J.M.S.), and the NSF (1539067).
EdinburghEHRS: Funded by the MRC (G9226254, G9825423), the Dr. Mortimer
and Theresa Sackler Foundation. EdinburghFunc: Funded by the MRC Clinical
Training Fellowship (G84/5699) and Health Foundation Clinician Scientist
Fellowship (2268/4295). EdinburghSFMH: Funded by an award from the
Translational Medicine Research Collaboration (NS_EU_166), Scottish Enterprise,
Pfizer, the Dr. Mortimer and Theresa Sackler Foundation. The University of
Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number
SC005336. Is e buidheann carthannais a th’ ann an Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann,
clàraichte an Alba, àireamh clàraidh SC005336. EONCKS: Supported by the SA
MRC and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development initiative through the
Department of Science and Technology of South Africa (#65174). ESO: Supported
by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (NU20-04-00393). FBIRN
(Function Biomedical Informatics Research Network): Supported by the National
Center for Research Resources at the NIH (1 U24 RR021992 (FBIRN) and 1 U24
RR025736-01 (Biomedical Informatics Research Network Coordinating Center;
http://www.birncommunity.org)). Data were processed by the UCI HighPerformance Computing cluster supported by Joseph Farran (supported by NIMH
R01 MH-58262), Harry Mangalam, and Adam Brenner (supported by NIH 5R01
MH61603, 2R01MH058251), and the National Center for Research Resources
and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH (through grant
UL1 TR000153). FBIRN thank Mrs. Liv McMillan for overall study coordination.
FOR2107 Marburg: Funded by the DFG, T.T.J.K. (speaker FOR2107; KI588/14-1,
KI588/14-2), Axel Krug (KR3822/5-1, KR3822/7-2), I.N. (NE2254/1-2, NE2254/3-1,
NE2254/4-1), Carsten Konrad (KO4291/3-1), and A. Jansen (JA1890/7-1,
JA1890/7-2). FOR2107 Münster: Funded by the DFG (FOR2107 DA1151/5-1,
DA1151/5-2 to U.D.; SFB-TRR58, Projects C09 and Z02 to U.D.) and the
Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research of the medical faculty of Münster
(Dan3/012/17 to U.D.). Frankfurt: MRI was performed at the Frankfurt Brain
Imaging Centre, supported by the DFG and the German Ministry for Education
and Research (Brain Imaging Center Frankfurt/Main, DLR01GO0203). GAP
(Genetics and Psychosis): The GAP dataset represents independent research
funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical
Research Centre at South London, Maudsley National Health Service (NHS)
Foundation Trust, and King’s College London. The views expressed are those of
the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department
of Health. GIPSI: Supported by “PRISMA U.T” Colciencias Invitación 990 del 3 de
Agosto de 2017, Código 111577757629, Contrato 781 de 2017. GROUP: We
thank Truda Driesen and Inge Crolla for their coordinating roles in the data collection, as well as the G.R.O.U.P. investigators: R.S.K., Don H. Linszen, Jim van Os,
Durk Wiersma, Richard Bruggeman, W.C., L.dH., Lydia Krabbendam, Inez MyinGermeys. Infrastructure for the GROUP study is funded through the Geestkracht
programme of ZonMw (10-000-1001), and matching funds from participating
pharmaceutical companies (Lundbeck, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag) and
universities and mental health care organizations (Amsterdam: Academic
Psychiatric Centre of the Academic Medical Center and the mental health institutions: GGZ Ingeest, Arkin, Dijk en Duin, GGZ Rivierduinen, Erasmus Medical
Centre, GGZ Noord Holland Noord; Groningen: University Medical Center
Groningen and the mental health institutions: Lentis, GGZ Friesland, GGZ Drenthe,
Dimence, Mediant, GGNet Warnsveld, Yulius Dordrecht and Parnassia psychomedical center, The Hague; Maastricht: Maastricht University Medical Centre and
the mental health institutions: GGzE, GGZ Breburg, GGZ Oost-Brabant, Vincent
van Gogh voor Geestelijke Gezondheid, Mondriaan, Virenze riagg, Zuyderland
GGZ, MET ggz, Universitair Centrum Sint-Jozef Kortenberg, CAPRI University of
Antwerp, PC Ziekeren Sint-Truiden, PZ Sancta Maria Sint-Truiden, GGZ Overpelt,
OPZ Rekem; Utrecht: University Medical Center Utrecht and the mental health
institutions Altrecht, GGZ Centraal, and Delta). HMS (Homburg Multidiagnosis Study): Sample data collection was supported by a grant of the Competence
Network Schizophrenia to O.G.. HUBIN (Human Brain Informatics): Supported by
the Swedish Research Council (K2015-62X-15077-12-3), 2017-00949, the
regional agreement on medical training and clinical research between Stockholm
County Council and the Karolinska Institutet, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg
Foundation. Huilong: Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (81761128021; 31671145; 81401115; 81401133), Beijing Municipal
Science & Technology Commission grant (Z141107002514016), Beijing Natural
Science Foundation (7162087), Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals
Clinical medicine Development of special funding (XMLX201609; zylx201409).
IGP: Imaging Genetics in Psychosis study, funded by Project Grants from the
NHMRC (APP630471 and APP1081603), and the Macquarie University’s ARC
Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders (CE110001021). This project
used participants from the ASRB (see above), using an infrastructure grant from
the NSW Ministry of Health. IMH: Supported by research grants from the National
Healthcare Group, Singapore (SIG/05004; SIG/05028), and the Singapore
Bioimaging Consortium (RP C009/2006) awarded to K.S. KaSP: Supported by
the Swedish Research Council (K2015-62X-15077-12-3), and by grants from the
Swedish Medical Research Council (2009-7053, 2013-2838, 523-2014-3467),
the Swedish Brain Foundation, Åhlén-siftelsen, Svenska Läkaresällskapet, Petrus
och Augusta Hedlunds Stiftelse, Torsten Söderbergs Stiftelse, the AstraZenecaKarolinska Institutet Joint Research Program in Translational Science, Söderbergs
Königska Stiftelse, Professor Bror Gadelius Minne, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs
stiftelse, the Swedish Federal Government under the LUA/ALF agreement (C.M.S.,
S. Cervenka), Centre for Psychiatry Research, KID-funding from the Karolinska
Institutet. Madrid: Supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation,
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (SAM16PE07CP1, PI16/02012, PI19/024), cofinanced
by ERDF Funds from the European Commission, “A way of making Europe,”
CIBERSAM, Madrid Regional Government (B2017/BMD-3740 AGES-CM-2),
European Union Structural Funds, European Union Seventh Framework Program
(FP7-4-HEALTH-2009-2.2.1-2-241909—Project EU-GEI, FP7-HEALTH-2013-2.2.1-
2-603196—Project PSYSCAN, and FP7-HEALTH-2013-2.2.1-2-602478—Project
METSY), European Union H2020 Program under the Innovative Medicines
Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (115916—Project PRISM, and 777394—Project
AIMS-2-TRIALS), Fundación Familia Alonso, Fundación Alicia Koplowitz. MCIC:
Supported by the NIH (NIH/NCRR P41RR14075, R01EB005846 to V.D.C.), the
Department of Energy (DE-FG02- 99ER62764), the Mind Research Network, the
Morphometry BIRN (1U24, RR021382A), the Function BIRN (U24RR021992-01,
NIH.NCRR MO1 RR025758-01, NIMH 1RC1MH089257 to V.D.C.), the DFG
(research fellowship to S.E.), and a NARSAD Young Investigator Award (to S.E.).
MPRC: Support received from NIH (U01MH108148, 2R01EB015611,
R01MH112180, R01DA027680, R01MH085646, P50MH103222, and
T32MH067533), a State of Maryland contract (M00B6400091), and NSF grant
(1620457). OLIN: Supported by NIH (R01MH106324, R01MH077945). Osaka:
Partially supported by AMED (JP21dm0307002, JP21dm0207069,
JP21dk0307103, JP21uk1024002, and JP21wm0425012), JSPS KAKENHI
(JP20H03611, JP20K06920), and Intramural Research Grant (3-1) for
Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders of NCNP. Computations were performed
using Research Center for Computational Science, Okazaki, Japan. Oxford: We
would like to thank the participants and their families, referring psychiatrists, and
the Donnington Health Centre, Oxford. This study is supported by the MRC,
OHSRC, UK EPSRC, BBSRC, and Wellcome Trust. PAFIP: We wish to thank all PAFIP
research teams and all patients and family members who participated in the
study. PAFIP has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the projects
PI14/00639, PI14/00918, and PI17/01056 (cofunded by ERDF/ESF “Investing in
your future”), Health Research Institute Marques de Valdecilla (NTC0235832,
NCT02534363), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, FIS 00/3095, 01/3129, PI020499,
PI060507, PI10/00183, the SENY Fundació Research Grant (CI 2005‐0308007),
the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (API07/011), MINECOSAF2013-46292-R,
PSYSCAN (Exp.: HEALTH.2013.2.2.1-2_Grant agreement no. 603196). We
want to particularly acknowledge the patients and the BioBankValdecilla
(PT13/0010/0024) integrated in the Spanish National Biobanks Network for its
collaboration. We thank IDIVAL Neuroimaging Unit for its help in the technical
execution of this work. RSCZ: Supported in part by the RFBR (20-013-00748).
SCORE: This study was supported in part by the SNSF (3232BO_119382). We
thank the FePsy (Frueherkennung von Psychosen; early detection of psychosis)
Downloaded from https://www.pnas.org by UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA BIBLIOTECA UNIV/OFIC.PBL.PER. on April 10, 2023 from IP address 193.144.191.20.
Study Group from the University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry, Switzerland, for the recruitment of the study participants. The FePsy Study was supported in part
by grant no. SNF 3200-057216/1, ext./2, ext./3. SNUH: Supported by the Basic
Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)
and the Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) basic research program through the
KBRI, funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (2019R1C1C1002457,
2020M3E5D9079910, 21-BR-03–01). SWIFT: Supported in part by the SNSF
(320030_146789). TOP: Supported by the Research Council of Norway (#160181,
190311, 223273, 213837, 249711), the South-East Norway Health Authority
(2014114, 2014097, 2017- 112), the Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Stiftelsen (SKGJ‐
MED‐008), and the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme
(FP7/2007–2013), grant agreement no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND). UCISZ: Supported
by the NIMH (R21MH097196 to T.G.M.v.E.). Data were processed by the UCI HighPerformance Computing cluster (see FBIRN). UMCU: Supported by ZonMw
(90802123, 91746370 to H.E.H.P., and 10-000-1001 to R.S.K.). UNIBA: Supported
by grant funding from the Italian Ministry of Research (2017M7SZM8_004, PI A.B.;
2017K2NEF4, PI G.P.). UNIMAAS: Supported by ZonMw (91112002) and by a personal grant to T.v.A. (ZonMw-VIDI: 91712394). This clinical trial was registered in
the Dutch clinical trial registry under ID: NTR5094 (https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.
aspx?TrialID=NTR5094). Zurich: Funded by the SNSF
