1,720,998 research outputs found
data extraction
No full textData Extraction: For the systematic review, a structured data extraction form will be developed to ensure consistency and completeness in gathering information from the included studies. The following information will be extracted from each study: General Information: Author(s): Name of the first author and any other significant contributors. Year of Publication: The year the study was published. Geographic Region: The country or region where the study was conducted. Study Characteristics: Study Design: The design employed in the research (e.g., cross-sectional, cohort, case-control). Duration: The duration of the study. Sample Size: Total number of participants or samples. Study Population: Type of Animal: The specific animal species studied. Sampling Method: How the animals or samples were chosen (e.g., random sampling, purposive sampling). Outcomes Related to BLV: Number of BLV Detected Samples: Total samples in which BLV presence was identified. Total Samples Tested: The overall number of samples that were tested. Method of BLV Detection: The specific technique or test used to detect BLV in the samples
Inclusion and exclision criertia
No full textInclusion Criteria: Type of Studies: Primary studies using any observational design. Subjects of Studies: Studies focused on the prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) in cattle serum. Type of Data: Studies that reported both the total number of samples tested and the number of samples where BLV presence was identified. Method of Detection: No restriction on the method used for detecting BLV in samples. Geographical Location: Studies from any geographical location were included. Type of Animal: Inclusion of studies involving any type of animal where BLV was detected. Language: Only articles published in English were considered. Exclusion Criteria: Type of Publications: Commentaries, narrative reviews, and conference abstracts were excluded. Incomplete Data: Studies that did not report both the total number of samples and the samples where BLV was detected. Language: Articles not published in English. Unrelated Data: Studies not related to the prevalence of BLV in cattle serum
Literature search
No full textA comprehensive literature search will be conducted on multiple databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science, up to 15 September 2023. The search strategy will incorporate various keywords related to BLV and animal populations to ensure all relevant articles are captured. The focus will be exclusively on articles published in English. No restrictions will be placed regarding the location, year of publication, or type of articl
Screening
No full textScreening and Study Selection: Dual Review Process: Two independent reviewers will be assigned the task of screening and selecting articles to ensure accuracy and reduce the potential for bias. Primary Screening: The initial phase of screening will involve reading the title and abstract of identified articles. This step will allow for a quick elimination of articles that are evidently irrelevant to the research question. Full-text Screening: Articles that seem relevant based on their title and abstract will undergo a thorough full-text review. During this phase, the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be strictly adhered to, and only articles that fully meet the criteria will be considered for the final review. Software Utilization: The Nested Knowledge software will be used to aid in the systematic screening of articles. This software will help streamline the process and ensure that no articles are inadvertently overlooked. Resolving Disagreements: In case of discrepancies or disagreements between the two reviewers regarding the eligibility of a particular study, a third independent reviewer will be consulted. A discussion will be initiated to reach a consensus on whether the study should be included or excluded. Documentation: A flow diagram will be created to visually depict the number of articles identified, screened, deemed eligible, and finally included in the review. This will provide a clear and transparent overview of the entire screening process. Reference Tracking: As an additional measure, the references of included studies will be scanned to ensure that no potentially relevant studies are missed during the initial search. This step will help in capturing any significant articles that might not have been identified through the database search
Statistical analysis and data synthesis
No full textStatistical Analysis: The primary objective of our statistical analysis will be to determine the pooled prevalence of BLV presence in cattle serum based on the data extracted from the included studies. Meta-Analysis: We will conduct a meta-analysis using the number of BLV positive samples and the total number of samples tested across studies. A random-effects model will be utilized to pool the results, accounting for potential heterogeneity among the studies. Heterogeneity Assessment: The I² statistic and the tau-squared metric will be used to quantify the level of heterogeneity between the studies. I² values range from 0% to 100%, with higher values indicating greater inconsistency among study results. Additionally, a 95% prediction interval will be employed to further highlight the range in which the true effects of future studies will fall, given the observed heterogeneity. Subgroup Analyses: To explore the potential sources of heterogeneity and to assess specific aspects more closely, we will conduct subgroup analyses based on: Testing technique employed for BLV detection. Geographical region or country where the study was conducted. Type of cattle (e.g., dairy cattle). Assessment of Publication Bias: A funnel plot will be constructed to visually assess potential publication biases. If asymmetry is detected in the funnel plot, it may indicate a publication bias. We may also use quantitative methods like Egger's test or Begg's test to statistically test for publication bias. Sensitivity Analysis: A leave-one-out analysis will be conducted to assess the impact of individual studies on the overall pooled estimate. This method involves sequentially removing one study at a time and recalculating the pooled estimate to determine if any single study disproportionately influences the overall result. Significance Testing: A p-value less than 0.05 will be considered as the threshold for statistical significance. Software: All statistical analyses will be performed using the R software, version 4.3, leveraging appropriate packages and libraries for meta-analyses
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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