63 research outputs found
Primary Health Care Physicians’ Response to the Victims of Spousal Violence Against Women in Pakistan
No full textZakar R, Zakria Zakar M, Krämer A. Primary Health Care Physicians’ Response to the Victims of Spousal Violence Against Women in Pakistan. Health Care for Women International. 2011;32(9):811-832
Climate Change-Induced Water Scarcity: A Threat to Human Health
No full textZakria Zakar M, Zakar R, Fischer F. Climate Change-Induced Water Scarcity: A Threat to Human Health. South Asian Studies. 2012;27(2):293-312
Coping strategies adopted by pregnant women in Pakistan to resist spousal violence
No full textZakar R, Zakria Zakar M, Hornberg C, Krämer A. Coping strategies adopted by pregnant women in Pakistan to resist spousal violence. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2012;116(1):77-78
Spousal Violence against Women in the Context of Marital Inequality: Perspectives of Pakistani Religious Leaders
Get PDFZakar R, Zakria Zakar M, Krämer A. Spousal Violence against Women in the Context of Marital Inequality: Perspectives of Pakistani Religious Leaders. International Journal of Conflict and Violence. 2011;5(2):372-384.Spousal violence against women is a controversial issue in Pakistan. Some religious leaders argue that "mild wife-beating'' is permissible in exceptional circumstances to discipline the wife and protect the institution of the family. Some conservative religious leaders also argue that the husband has a superior and authoritative position in marital relations. This highly contested and sensitive issue acquires religious overtones and the scientific community seems reluctant to investigate it. Based on fourteen in-depth interviews, this article documents the views and opinions of religious leaders in Lahore, Pakistan, concerning spousal violence within the context of marital inequality. Rather than debating the position of Islam on spousal violence, the paper explores the minds of religious leaders who greatly influence the views of the general public
Klimawandelbedingte Wasserknappheit: Auswirkungen auf Gesundheit durch politische und soziale Konflikte
No full textZakria Zakar M, Zakar R, Fischer F. Klimawandelbedingte Wasserknappheit: Auswirkungen auf Gesundheit durch politische und soziale Konflikte. In: Jahn HJ, Krämer A, Wörmann T, eds. Klimawandel und Gesundheit – Internationale, nationale und regionale Herausforderungen und Antworten. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013: 153-175
Men's Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Pakistan
No full textZakar R, Zakria Zakar M, Krämer A. Men's Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Pakistan. Violence Against Women. 2013;19(2):246-268.This article documents the beliefs and attitudes of men toward intimate partner violence in Pakistan. Men's beliefs and attitudes toward partner violence are shaped by the life-long process of gender socialization, where the role of wife is projected as submissive and docile. Drawing on eight in-depth interviews and four focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted in Lahore and Sialkot, this article presents how men perceive and justify partner violence within the context of Pakistani society. The data show that the construct of "ideal wife" inculcated among men fits into Foucault's notion of "docile bodies," which are subjected to control, discipline, and violent punishment
Intimate partner violence against women and its related immigration stressors in Pakistani immigrant families in Germany
Get PDFZakar R, Zakria Zakar M, Faist T, Krämer A. Intimate partner violence against women and its related immigration stressors in Pakistani immigrant families in Germany. SpringerPlus. 2012;1(1): 5.This paper addresses the issue of intimate partner violence against women and its related immigration stressors in Pakistani immigrant families in Germany. Drawing on 32 in-depth interviews with Pakistani women in three cities in Germany, we found that psychological violence was the commonly reported violence among the study participants. The data showed that the process of immigration exacerbated tensions between spouses because of various immigration stressors such as threats to cultural identity, children’s socialization, and social isolation. In order to cope with the stressful spousal relations, women applied various indigenous strategies, but avoided seeking help from the host country’s formal care-providing institutions. This study also debunks some stereotypes and popular media clichés about the “victimhood of women from conservative developing countries” and provides an understanding of the issue of intimate partner violence within an immigration context. Further research with a larger sample will be helpful to understand immigration-induced stress and intimate partner violence in immigrant families
Violence Research from North Africa to South Asia: A Historical and Structural Overview
Get PDFWilke B, Hippler J, Zakria Zakar M. Violence Research from North Africa to South Asia: A Historical and Structural Overview. International Journal of Conflict and Violence. 2011;5(1):32-54.This is a historical and sociological overview of violence and violence research in and on North Africa, West Asia, and South Asia, considering only studies for a global audience. The main focus is on political violence, with a brief look at religious and communal violence, youth violence, and domestic and gendered violence. These regions have been consistently affected by political violence for many decades, the main source of which seems to be the ongoing state formation process, as well as social transformation in general. The literature on violence is dominated by international debates, at times with little regard to realities in the ground. It would be highly desirable for scholars from North Africa, West Asia and South Asia to play a more active role in research and debate
Voices of Strength and Struggle: Women's Coping Strategies Against Spousal Violence in Pakistan
No full textZakar R, Zakria Zakar M, Krämer A. Voices of Strength and Struggle: Women's Coping Strategies Against Spousal Violence in Pakistan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2012;27(16):3268-3298.This article documents the coping strategies adopted by women victims of spousal violence in Pakistan. By drawing on 21 in-depth interviews conducted in Lahore and Sialkot (Pakistan), we found that the women tried to cope with violence by using various strategies, both emotion focused (e.g., use of religion, placating the husband, etc.) and problem focused (e.g., seeking support from formal institutions, etc.). The data showed that a majority of the women used emotion-focused strategies, especially spiritual therapies, which somehow reduced the violence and provided them with psychosocial solace. Nonetheless, these strategies incurred some costs, such as the consumption of scarce resources, time, and emotional energy. Our data also showed that few women opted for problem-focused strategies, such as seeking help from formal institutions, as these strategies could lead to overt confrontation with their husbands and may result in divorce, the outcome least desired by most of the Pakistani women. We noted that the coping behavior of Pakistani women was complex, subjective, and nonlinear and that the boundaries between emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies were diffuse and blurred. Although the women never surrendered to violence, they were fully aware of their structural limitations and vulnerabilities. Being mindful of the consequences of their actions, women carefully tailored a combination of strategies which could be helpful in resisting or reducing violence but, at the same time, should not be counterproductive. This article argues that Pakistani women alone cannot effectively resist violence while living under a harshly patriarchal regime, where violence against women is embedded in the social, political, and legal structures of society. There are no quick fixes to change the status quo. The Pakistani government, civil society, and formal institutions must proactively support women in reducing their vulnerabilities and facilitate them in expanding their capabilities to address the real causes of violence against them
Spousal Violence Against Women and Its Association With Women's Mental Health in Pakistan
No full textZakar R, Zakria Zakar M, Mikolajczyk RT, Krämer A. Spousal Violence Against Women and Its Association With Women's Mental Health in Pakistan. Health Care For Women International. 2013;34(9):795-813.In Pakistan, the issue of spousal violence is under-researched and still not considered a public health problem. To assess the association of spousal violence with women's mental health, a hospital-based cross-sectional survey was conducted through a structured interview schedule with 373 randomly selected ever-married women of reproductive age in eight randomly selected hospitals in the cities of Lahore and Sialkot, Pakistan. After controlling for sociodemographic variables, women's experiences of past and current psychological, physical, and sexual violence remained significantly associated with women's poor mental health. The situation warrants urgent action to mitigate the violence-induced damages done to women's mental health
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