63 research outputs found
Effect of one step KOH activation and CaO modified carbon in transesterification reaction
No full textIn this work, one step activation was introduced using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and calcium oxide (CaO) modified palm kernel shells. Various concentration of calcium oxide was used as catalyst while maintaining the same concentration of potassium hydroxide to activate and impregnate the palm kernel shell before calcined at 500°C for 5 hours. All the prepared samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). FTIR analysis of raw palm kernel shell showed the presence of various functional groups. However, after activation, most of the functional groups were eliminated. The basic strength of the prepared samples were determined using back titration method. The samples were then used as base heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification reaction of rice bran oil with methanol. Analysis of the products were performed using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) to calculate the percentage conversion of the biodiesel products. This study shows, as the percentage of one step activation potassium and calcium oxide doped carbon increases thus, the basic strength also increases followed by the increase in biodiesel production. Optimization study shows that the optimum biodiesel production was at 8 wt% catalyst loading, 9:1 methanol: oil molar ratio at 65°C and 6 hours which gives a conversion up to 95%
One step potassium hydroxide activated and calcium oxide doped carbon catalyst for transesterification of rice bran oil
No full textPalm kernel shell are a cheap and abundant biomass from palm oil industries in many tropical countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. This agricultural by-product can be a good source for the production of activated carbon. Activated carbon can be used as catalyst support in transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel. Catalyst support is important to reduce the effects of leaching in heterogeneous catalyst process. Typical preparation of activated carbon catalyst support for transesterification reaction employs a two-step process. In this study, doped activated carbon was prepared in one step using palm kernel shell activated by potassium hydroxide (KOH) and doped with calcium oxide (CaO). The modified carbon was prepared via wet impregnation method using different amount of CaO while maintaining the same percentage concentration of KOH at 25% by weight before calcined at 500oC for 5 hours. The prepared carbon was then used as a heterogeneous base catalyst in transesterification reaction of rice bran oil with methanol. The modified carbon was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen adsorption analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray powder diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The basic strength of the sample was determined by back titration method. The final product of transesterification was then analysed using gas-chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). XRF was employed to check the possibility of leaching of the metal catalyst into the biodiesel. TGA analysis indicates that complete calcination of palm kernel shells occur at 500oC. Thus, the activation of the modified carbon was done at 500oC. FTIR analysis of raw palm kernel shell shows the presence of various functional groups. However, after activation, most of the functional groups disappeared. BET surface area of 3.62 m2/g was obtained from the 25% CaO/KOH/C due to the filling of the metal catalyst into the cavities and pores of the modified carbon. This was confirmed by washing the modified carbon several times with hot water, which later increase the BET surface area to 443.84 m2/g. From the basicity analysis, increase in the percentage concentration of CaO increased the basicity of the prepared modified carbon. The performance of prepared modified CaO/KOH/C was identified by measuring the percentage yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the transesterification of rice bran oil with methanol. The percentage yield of FAMEs for 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% CaO/KOH/C were 80.9%, 86.2%, 90.4%, 92.8%, 93.6% and 94.3%, respectively. Recyclability for the 25% CaO/KOH/C were studied and the catalyst can be reused for three consecutive runs with acceptable yield. Thus, it can be concluded that the preparation of one step KOH activated and CaO modified carbon from palm kernel shell can be used as catalyst in biodiesel production
THE LEVEL OF SATISFACTION AMONG THE PRODUCTION EMPLOYEES TOWARDS HEALTH AND SAFETY AT MANUFACTURING COMPANY IN LUMUT, PERAK
No full textThe level of satisfaction among the production employees towards health
and safety is not a new issue. Moreover, it is clear that factor of dissatisfaction of
employees may impact the behavior and productivity of an employee. Safety on
workstation, schedule of working hour, implementation of 5S, factor of stress and
sexual harassment that may interface with the satisfaction of the production
employees such as feeling unsafe while doing the work. Other factor which is
ergonomic at workplace also plays an important role in determining the
satisfaction that contributed to the performance of an employees. Thus, this study
will look into the level of satisfaction among the production employees towards
health and safety
Digit ratio (2D:4D) profile of varsity rugby players / Mohd. Zulkhairi Mohd. Azam …[et al.]
No full textHigh performance in sport and aggression has been reported to correlate with low digit ratio (2D:4D) due to high amount of testosterone received in the womb. In this study rugby is chosen because Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang's rugby team is regarded as one of the top 3 teams among the UiTM branches rugby team, and also among other varsity rugby teams in the nation. The players were very talented as most of them have vast experiences playing for their own respective states from youth to the senior team level. Furthermore, rugby has been associated with aggression which is a direct relation to the production of hormone testosterone. Thus, this study was conducted in order to investigate the digit ratio profile of the rugby players (n=22). Their mean age score was 19.3±0.95 years old and 2D:4D were measured by using the MicroDicom software Based on the descriptive analysis, the findings showed that 20 players out of 22 players had low 2D:4D, with only 2 players had high 2D:4D with overall mean score .95±.03I mm and the highest 2D:4D recorded were 1.02 mm. The results were in line with the other past related evidence which stated that low 2D:4D were highly correlated with sporting ability and high performance across variety of sports. Therefore, we concluded most of the players in the current rugby team posed low 2D:4D, and may correlate with the team high rugby performance that contributes to most of their recent success
Biodiversity and composition of lepidopterans at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang, Jengka Campus / Mohamad Azam Akmal Abu Bakar … [et al.]
No full textThis study was conducted to record the lepidoptera species at UiTM Pahang in July and August 2019. A total of 261 Lepidoptera species belonging to 21 species from four families were recorded. Nymphalidae (54%) was found to be the most dominant followed by Pieridae (31%), whereas Hesperiidae (9.2%) and lastly Papilionidae (0.06%) were less common. There were 12 species of Nymphalidae collected followed by 4 species of Pieridae, 4 species of Papilionidae and 1 species of Hesperiidae sampled in three study sites comprising forest area, plantation area and urban area. The diversity analysis (Shannon-Wiener index, Dominance index and Evenness index) were used to analyse the biodiversity of the species. The findings of this study contributed to the local fauna database which can be useful for future researchers
Effect of color contrast to the accuracy of SSD-MobileNetV2
No full textMachine vision with deep learning neural network is currently on the rise, specifically with the emergence of Industrial Revolution 4.0. It is further elevated with the advancement in the computational capabilities of modern edge computing to reduce the computational cost. Thus, making such technology economically viable to the general manufacturing industries for industrial application. Visual quality inspection would be among the most relevant process to have such architecture implemented. This paper explores the feasibility of deploying deep learning model, SSD-MobileNetV2 to replace manual visual inspection for holes counting process after drilling on a carbon-reinforced fiber composite component. The drilled holes were set into three (3) different conditions; bare-holes and holes equipped with semi-transparent or red locating pins. We conclude that the contrasting color of the holes with respect to its surrounding plays a pivotal role in their detections. Holes with semi-transparent or red locating pins are with accuracy of 77.14% and 73.33% respectively; while bare-blackened holes are with accuracy of only 45.95%
Effects of Periodized Small-Sided Training on Physical Fitness Performance Among Young Male Football Players
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The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Training on Weight Loss and Body Composition in Overweight Females
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