830 research outputs found
Calibration of the Large Hodoscope ToF-Wall and Preliminary Results of the FIRST Experiment
No full textHadron therapy is an alternative way of treating cancerous tumors. It consists of irradiating tumors with protons (proton therapy) or light nuclei (alphas, carbon ions). The study of fragmentation processes is relevant for different fields of the physics concerning both basic research and applications. The energy range that is accessible at Heavy Ion Synchrotron SIS is of fundamental importance for shielding in space radiations, hadron-therapy and is interesting for different aspects exploring nuclear physics. The FIRST (Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and Therapy) experiment has been designed to study nuclear fragmentation processes in the energy range between 100 and 1000 MeV/u (Mega Electron Volt per nucleon), measuring double differential cross sections, with respect to kinetic energy and scattering polar angle. This experiment was carried because there is a strong need of high-quality experimental data concerning C-12, O-16 and Fe-56 fragmentation on different targets. The first data taking has been performed at SIS accelerator facility of GSI Laboratory in Darmstadt (Germany) during August 2011 and a set of data has been collected using a 400 MeV/u carbon beam impinging on carbon and gold targets. This experiment helps not only for comparison purposes but also for the evolution of the space IC (Integrated Circuits) radiation damage evaluation. The experimental apparatus is based on both newly designed detectors placed around the target and on an already existing setup made of the ALADiN dipole magnet, the TP-MUSIC IV tracking ionization chamber, the ToF-Wall scintillator array and the LAND neutron detector. The above mentioned instruments have been integrated with new ones specifically designed for interaction region few centimeters around the target: a Start Counter (SC) based on a plastic scintillator, a drift chamber as Beam Monitor (BM), an automated mechanical system as a target holder, a silicon pixel detector Vertex to track charged fragments emerging from the target and a large-angle light fragment detector based on thick scintillators with solid photomultiplier, KENTROS (Kinetic Energy and Time Resolution Optimized on Scintillator). Most of the projectile fragments are produced in the forward direction, within small angles with respect to the beam direction and with velocities very close to those of carbon ions impinging on the target. The trajectories of these charged fragments fall within the ALADiN acceptance and, after magnetic bending, hit the ToF-Wall detector which enables measurements of the impinging point, arrival time and energy released in the scintillator array. In particular, we report performances and preliminary results obtained from ToF-Wall data analysis. This experiment will provide information about the secondary effects of nuclear fragments in healthy biological cell
Perspectives of the non-mesonic weak decay in double hypernuclei
No full textThe features of the Hyperon Induced Non Mesonic Weak Decay in double hypernuclei are shortly reviewed and a preliminary evaluation of the expected production rate in the future PANDA experiment at FAIR is reporte
The antiproton interaction with an internal 12C target inside the HESR ring at FAIR
No full textIn order to fulfill the goal of producing higher rates of doubly strange hyperons, the ¯PANDA collaboration will use the antiproton ring HESR at the future facility FAIR. The low energy hyperon production by an antiproton beam requires to insert a solid target inside the ring. Unwanted side effects of such an insertion are the overwhelming amount of annihilations, which would make the detectors blind, and the fast depletion of the bunch, which circulates inside the ring. The choice of the target material impacts the hyperon production yield: Carbon turned out to provide enough initial hyperon deceleration and keep secondary interactions below a tolerable level. The use of a very thin Diamond target, together with beam steering techniques, seems to be a satisfactory solution to the above problems and will be described hereafter
The ethics of academic research and writing / Luay Thanoon Younis
No full textPlagiarism is an act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization and the representation of that author's work as one's own without appropriately crediting the original author. This misconduct could be committed recklessly, knowingly, or intentionally
Project of an internal target for the antiproton ring at FAIR
No full textThe case of the internal target for the hyper-nuclear experiment of the PANDA (antiproton Annihilation at Darmstadt) Collaboration at the High Energy Storage Ring of Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research is illustrated. After a discussion of the problems arising from the interaction of a solid internal target with an antiproton beam, the design of material, shape and sizes of a target satisfying the experimental requirements is presented. The techniques used to produce a prototype of this target are illustrated. Then the results of the tests performed on the prototype for investigating the properties (purity, radiation hardness, structure modifications after shaping) are repor- ted and the plan of the future activity is pointed ou
La straniera di Younis Tawfik: un dialogo tra due culture
No full textIn 1999 the Iraqi migrant writer Younis Tawfik was awarded several literary prizes for his novel La straniera, written in Italian and published by Bompiani. In this essay I will discuss some aspects of the novel that might have contribuited to its success. After a short presentation of the author and of the content of the novel, I will analyse La straniera, in order to show the novelty of its structure. Furthermore, I will expalin how this hybrid work reveals the double culture of the author from a literary and linguistic point of view. I will also consider how the author contributed to the current debate on migration, by examining his treatment of some themes related to this phenomenon
Psychological analysis of Younis Al-Khattat, the novel Honaa Al-Warda According to Freud's theory
No full textSigmund Freud provided the basis for analyzing literary works using psychoanalytic methods. The novel Honaa Al-warda, by the Jordanian writer Amjad Nasser, is one of the political novels in which the author paid special attention to psychological issues and the hidden struggle of the inner forces of the novel’s hero, Younis Al-Khattat, in dealing with its subject. Therefore, the current research attempts to study the internal conflict of Yunus Al-Khattat, the hero of this novel, based on Freud’s theory, and to analyze the outcome of the battle between the id, the ego, and the superego over his individual and social life. The results of the research indicate that heredity, family environment, relationships with peers, the tense political and social atmosphere, and the propaganda of intellectual and political organizations play a major role in shaping Yunus’s acute internal conflict. His comprehensive internal anxiety is caused by the establishment’s pressures on himself and his logical ability and its insistence on quickly meeting its irrational, material and emotional demands, as well as the destructive and false ideals of the superego that lead him to many adventures and ambitions, and work that leads to the assassination of the president and exposes his life, his fate, and the fate of his family to danger.Keywords: psychoanalysis, Freud's theory, Amjad Nasser, Honaa Al-Warda's novel, Younis Al-Khattat. Extended Summary IntroductionPsychoanalysis is a literary criticism method that studies psychological novels and, through exploring the characters in the novel, explains how their personality is constructed. Systematic and scientific criticism of psychology began concurrently with the beginning of psychology and the publication of Sigmund Freud's works at the end of the nineteenth century. Since Freud was the first to subject literature to psychological interpretation, he had a great interest in reading literary works, as literature had a profound impact on his personal and scientific life, and he used it to expand the horizons of his work in psychoanalysis as well as to expand the scope of his psychological discourse. His views on the personal characteristics of writers and artists are not merely psychoanalytic, but rather a combination of psychological theories and his literary taste. Amjad Nasser is a well-known Jordanian creative writer who has paid special attention to psychological issues in writing his novels. Honaa Al-Warda is Nasser's second novel nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2018. It narrates the life events of a leftist activist named "Younis Al-Khattat" and expresses all the traits of his personality in the form of behaviors, actions, and political adventures. Honaa Al-Warda is a political novel that shows the developments in the Arab world in the seventies. Therefore, the psychological analysis of the main character in this novel can express the influence of individuals in society in Arab countries from political, social, cultural, and intellectual circumstances and represents many historical unknowns. Therefore, the current study, based on Freud's theory on the three levels of personality, attempts to study the role of the internal conflict of Younis, the hero of the novel, in shaping his personality type. First, Freud's theory and the tripartite structure of personality are analyzed from his point of view, then Younis's internal developments are analyzed according to Freud's theories and the impact of his internal conflict on his personal and social life is expressed. This research aims to answer these questions:1- What are Nasser's goals in creating the character of Younis?2- How does the battle between the id and the ego occur in the character of Younis and what is the result of the subconscious's dominance over his consciousness?3- How does the Oedipus complex affect the creation of the superego of Younis and what is the result of the conflict of the ego with the superego?4- How does the conflict of the three forces in the character of Younis affect his personal and social life?MethodologyFreud is considered the first psychologist to assign a specific structure to the human personality in which the internal actions of the human being are formed under the influence of instincts and conflicting forces. From the beginning of his life until its end, the human being constantly fights and quarrels with various forces and people, but this battle is not limited to the outside world. "Freud searches for this conflict in the depths of human existence, which causes the formation of the human personality and intellectual development"; the human world is an arena of confrontation between different forces that interact automatically with each other, which leads to the health of the human soul and spirit, and the absence of this interaction causes anxiety and insecurity in the human personality. Freud sees that the structure of the human personality includes three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. "These three parts of the personality interact at three levels of psychological life with each other, and the ego passes through different spatial levels and has conscious, semi-conscious, and unconscious elements. While the superego is semi-conscious and unconscious, the id is completely unconscious"; these levels are completely intertwined and cannot be separated, and the ego exists at all these levels under different conditions.DiscussionBy describing the whispers of Younis Al-Khattat and his tense inner life from childhood to youth, Amjad Nasser depicts the role of the authoritarian atmosphere, suffocation, lack of freedom and social justice, and the violation of the principle of democracy that govern some Arab countries in shaping the internal conflict of individuals in Arab societies and the desire for violent actions. He also criticizes the exploitation of authoritarian individuals like Younis by political organizations that push them, by stimulating their internal forces, to violence and terrorism in order to achieve their goals. In reality, the dreams of such a generation of young people turn into a pile of ashes. The id's insistence on satisfying his material, immoral and irrational needs leads to the formation of his aggressive, hasty and reckless personality that exhausts his rationality and ego with repeated demands. The id of Yunus, by its rebellion against the ego, passes from the unconscious and semi-conscious area and enters the conscious level, and the ego weakens and is unable to provide Yunus with the appropriate ideas and solutions to overcome problems, and great anxiety and confusion dominate his existence.ConclusionThe superego of Younis, due to the failure to resolve the Oedipus complex in his childhood and his failure to undergo the process of understanding his parents’ behavior and not following their orders and what should and should not be done, takes on an abnormal, unnatural, and neurotic state. Younis thinks that his father is his competitor in winning his mother’s love, and he constantly tries to rescue himself from his father’s control. The desire for superiority and authority becomes entrenched in him, and the false ideal ego is formed in him, far from external reality, leading to walking in a world of fantasy and dreams, and causing the superego and its unreasonable ideals to turn against the ego and blame it for following the principle of reality. It is stubborn like the id and insists on achieving its demands in an irrational way, which makes Younis justify terrorism and violence and consider it a value and a custom, regardless of his responsibilities towards his wife and family. The Sources and References:A: Books Abbas, Faisal, Psychoanalysis and Freudian Tendencies, Clinical Comparison, I1, Beirut: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 1996. ]In Arabic[A group of authors, References Personality, Id, Ego and Superego, translated by: Wajih Asaad, Damascus: Publications of the Ministry of Culture of the Syrian Arab Republic, 2002. ]In Arabic[Engler, Barbara, Introduction to Personality Theories, translated by: Fahd bin Abdullah bin Dulaim, Mecca, Taif Literary Club Publications,1411. ]In Arabic[Feist, Jess, Feist, Gregory J, Personality Theories, translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi, I5, Tehran: Nash Ravan, 1389. ]In Persian[Freud, Sigmund, The Ego and the Id, translated by Muhammad Othman Najati, I4, Beirut: Dar Al-Shorouk, 1982. ]In Arabic[Freud, Sigmund, Instinct and culture, studies in psychology, translated by Hussein Al-Mawazni, I1, Baghdad-Beirut: Al-Jamal Publications, 2017. ]In Arabic[Freud, Sigmund, Al-Kaf, Affection, and Anxiety, translated by Muhammad Othman Najati, I4, Beirut-Cairo: Dar Al-Shorouk, 1989. ]In Arabic[Freud, Sigmund, New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, translated by Izzat Rajeh, Misr Printing House. ]In Arabic[Freud, Sigmund, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, translated by Ishaq Ramzi, I5, Dar Al-Maaref. ]In Arabic[Freud, Sigmund, Summary of Psychoanalysis, translated by George Tarabishi, I2, Beirut: Dar Al-Tali’ah, 1986. ]In Arabic[11.Freud, Sigmund, Ego and Id, translated by Amin Pasha Samadian, Tehran: Pandar Taban, 2014. ]In Persian[Freud, Sigmund, Heads of psychoanalytic theory, translated by Hossein Payandeh, Arghonun magazine, number 22, 2001. ]In Persian[Nasser, Amjad, Hona Al-warda, Beirut: Dar Al-Adab, 2017. ]In Arabic[Shultz, Dovan, Theories of Personality, translated by Yusuf Karimi and colleagues, I10, Tehran: Arsbaran, 2012. ]In Persian[B: University ThesesDimesh, Hanan and Laila Boudiar, “Application of the Psychological Method according to Ahmed Haydouche,” a thesis for obtaining a master’s degree in Arabic language and literature, supervised by: Nabila Aabash, Muhammad Al-Sadiq Ben Yahia University, Jijel, 2014 AD. ]In Arabic[ C: MagazinesAl-Khaironi, Halima and Abdul-Ghani bin Muhammad, “The Psychological Method in Literary Analysis: The Novel as a Model,” Scientific Journal of Language and Culture, Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’azzam Shah International Islamic University, Malaysia, 2022 AD, Volume 7, Issue 2, pp. 21-/34. ]In Arabic[Hosseini, Seyyed Sajid and Bakhtiar Sajjadi, Representation of the semi-conscious in the narrative from a psychoanalytic perspective: Examining the flow of the mind in the short story "Tomorrow" by Sadegh Hedayat", Contemporary Persian Literature, Year 8, Number 2, 2017, pp. 35-62. ]In Persian[Maarouf, Yahya and Muslim Khezeli, "Criticism of the psychology of personality in Motanbi's poems", Arabic Literature, Issue 2, 1392, pp. 193-216. ]In Persian[Maarouf, Yahya and Muslim Khazli, "Psychological analysis of the novel Zaqaq al-Mudaq by Najib Mahfouz", Critic of Contemporary Arabic Literature, Volume 6, Number 11, 1395, pp. 211-235. ]In Persian[.20.Yohnai, Massoud Reza, review of conscious and unconscious from Sartre and Freud's point of view, Afaq Humanities Monthly, year 4, number 38, 2019, pp. 81-/96. ]In Persian
Experiment FIRST: Fragmentation of 12C Beam at 400 MeV/u
No full textThe knowledge about fragmentation processes in
ion-ion interactions is fundamental in hadrontherapy and radiation protection in space missions. Hadrontherapy, based on 12C, features many advantages with respect to conventional radiation therapy with photons due to the possibility to shape the dose delivery region in tissues but side effects of the projectile fragmentation in healthy tissues are not negligible. NASA recently pointed out that measurements for some light ions and kinetic energies are missing in nuclear fragmentation databases.
FIRST experiment aims to measure the fragmentation double
differential cross section of 12 C in the energy range 100-1000 MeV/u on several elements, constituents of organic tissues and electronic devices, in order to fill some of the mentioned lack
of information on light ions.
A first set of data has been taken in 2011 at GSI (Darmstadt), using 12 C beam at 400 MeV/u on C and Au targets. About 3 · 10^7 events with C target and 5 · 10^6 with Au target were recorded.
Together with these data other sets of runs have been collected
to calibrate the forward part of the whole experimental setup, the ToF-Wall.
The calibration procedure and the detector performances, which fit the experiment requirements for what concerns efficiency, resolution and stability, will be illustrated. Moreover, some preliminary results concerning the 12 C-12 C elastic scattering, in agreement with the Rutherford model, will be presented
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