383 research outputs found
Remittances and Poverty Linkages in Pakistan: Evidence and Some Suggestions for Further Analysis
No full textGlobal remittances experienced a dramatic increase over the years, particularly since 1990 wherein the developing world emerged to be the major beneficiary accounting for 60 percent of the total amount. Because of the sheer volume, and magnitude of the remittances, and pre-eminence of these flows compared to the FDIs, development assistance and in some cases the trade related transactions, the development practitioners tended to focus and investigate the importance of remittances which are generally regarded as a dependable source for growth, improved welfare and poverty alleviation in the developing world. Given the fact that remittances flows entail wide ranging ramifications both for sending as well as receiving countries, difficult to be generalised, hence empirical evidence has been mounted though lack of consensus is visible.
DINASTI TURKI USMANI
No full textOttoman Turks is one of the kingdoms established by the Turks after the collapse of the Turkish kingdom of Saljuq. Entogrol was the entourage of the founding way of Turkey Usmani his son Usman as the proclamator of the Ottoman Empire of the year 1300M. The success of the Islamic empire in Turkey was during the Ottoman Dynasty, more precisely during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih in 1453 M. The decline and destruction of Ottoman Turks caused by several factors among others: the sultan's weakness and bureaucratic system, economic downturn and the emergence of strength Europe. In 1342 H / 1923 M khilafah Islamiyah was abolished, then Turkey changed to a secular republic. Mustafa Kemal in his reformation reform in realizing Modern Turkey brought ideologies of his Kemal such as Republicanism, Populism, Nationalism, Reformism, Secularism, and Ethism
Contribution of Services Sector in the Economy of Pakistan
No full textThe services sector has provided steady support to Pakistan’s economic growth. It share in GDP now stands a more than 50 percent. The paper analyses its continuation in the growth of the economy in general and the development of trade and genera tion of employment in particular. The study identifies the bottlenecks in its growth and suggest measures to remove them. A set of policy reforms has been suggested to make the sector more effective in the growth of the national economy.Services Sector, Industry, Employment, Financial Institutions and Pakistan’s Economy
Poverty Dynamics of Female-headed Households in Pakistan: Evidence from PIHS 2000-01 and PSLM 2004-05
No full textThe paper attempts to empirically test a naïve version of what is rather stylistically termed as “feminisation of poverty”, using the sub-sample of female -headed households (FHHs) from two household surveys in Pakistan. Although, the database is constrained by quality factors and small sample size, the following findings add to the richness of current research in this area: (a) The numerical incidence of poverty among households headed by females is less than that for all households in the country, at the national, urban and rural level for both the years. This can be traced to the finding that more than 70 percent of households headed by females receive remittances, (b) The incidence of poverty among FHHs during the period 2000-01 to 2004-05 did not decline as fast as it did for mixed households, nationwide. In urban areas, it did not decline at all, (c) Among the determinants of poverty of FHHs, illiteracy, dependency and rural residence exacerbate poverty, while remittances domestic and/ or foreign reduce poverty, (d) The dynamics of incidence of poverty among FHHs during the period indicated that Illiteracy as the factor exacerbating poverty became less important in 2004-05. Moreover, residence in rural areas was also a weaker factor in determining the incidence of poverty. By far the most notable contribution in reducing the incidence of poverty was self-employment in agriculture in 2004-05.
Price expectations of sheep and goats by producers and intermediaries in Quetta market, Pakistan
No full textAnalysis of producers' and intermediaries' livestock price expectations was used to describe the market in Quetta, the largest livestock market in the highlands of Balochistan Province, Pakistan, and to identify factors that determine price expectations of small ruminants. A total of 4800 expected prices for sheep and goats were collected from producers and market intermediaries at monthly intervals between January 1991 and December 1992. In addition to the expected price of the animal, liveweight, species, sex, breed, body condition (fatness), calendar day and month were recorded, and whether data were collected on a meat or meatless day. Monthly rainfall data were also collected. Models of goat and sheep price expectations were built to compare the similarity of the behaviour of producers and intermediaries
Estimating the Middle Class in Pakistan
No full textThe concept ‘middle class’ is one of the most commonly used terms in the social sciences, including economics, sociology and political science. Despite its frequent use there is, however, no consensus on what the term exactly implies and its meaning remains ambiguous depending primarily on the context in which it is used. It is viewed as the class that is between, and separates, the lower and the upper classes, that is the rich and the poor, but there is no agreement on the exact boundaries that separates them. Most of the definitions and measurements of the middle class continue to be somewhat arbitrary and vague.
STUDI PEMASARAN GABAH DI KECAMATAN DARUL IMARAH KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR
No full textTeuku Muhammad Iqbal dengan judul skripsi "Studi Pemasaran Gabah Di Kecamatan Darul Imarah Kabupaten Aceh Besar", dengan pembimbing utama Bapak Dr. Ir. Sofyan, M.Agrice, Sc serta Bapak Dr. Ir. Mustafa Usman, M.S selaku pembimbing kedua.Adapun permasalah yang terdapat dalam penelitian ini adaJah Apakah tipe saluran pemasaran pabrik kilang padi dapal menguntungkan bagi petani dan apakah pada masing-masing tipe saluran pemasaran gabah di Kecarnatan Darul Imarah sudah efisien. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini hanya terbatas pada anaJisis sistem pemasaran, analisis margin, profit margin dan keuntungan pada setiap pelaku pemasaran gabah. Adapun tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui tipe saluran pemasaran yang paling banyak digunakan para petani di daerah penelitian dalam pemasaran gabah kerirg giling dan untuk mengetahui efesiensi pemasaran gabah untuk setiap saluran pemasaran di daerah penelitian.Penentuan desa sarnpel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan mete-de sampel acak sederhana (Simple Random Sampling), besarnya desa sampel yang diam bi I sebesar I 0% dari 32 desa yang ada di Kecarnatan Darul Imarah. Maka jumlah desa yang dijadikan sampel adalah 3 desa yaitu Desa Lamcot, Denong dan Bayu. Sedangkan jumlah petani sampel diarnbil sebanyak 5% dari jumlah populasi yang ada pada ketiga desa tersebut. Saluran tipe pemasaran I yaitu tipe pemasaran dari petani langsung ke kilang padi yang paling banyak digunakan oleh para petani dilapangan, dibandingkan saluran tipe pemasaran 2.Saluran pemasaran yang digunakan untuk gabah oleh para petani sudah efisien dikarenakan setiap pelaku memperoleh share profit margin, walau besarannya berbeda-beda antara satu pelaku dengan pelaku lainnya.Diharapkan kepada para petani untuk meningkatkan share margin diharapkan agar menjaga kualitas gabah sehingga harga beli oleh kilang padi tetap sesuai dengan harga eceran tertinggi (HET) untuk harga gabah basah. Sedangkan untuk pedagang pengumpul diharapkan agar lebih mampu menjadi fasilitas pemasaran bagi petani dan hal tersebut dapat menambah peluang peningkatan pendapatan. Serta untuk kilang, dalam peningkatan pendapatan diharapkan kualitas pengolahan dari gabah menjadi beras dapat ditingkatkan sehingga harga beras yang diproduksi akan lebih stabil
National Finance Commission Awards in Pakistan: A Historical Perspective
No full textThis study explores the evolution of fiscal resource distribution in Pakistan. Pakistan is a federation comprising four provinces, federallyadministered areas, and the Islamabad Capital Territory. Being a central type of government, most of the revenues are collected by the centre and then redistributed vertically between the federal and the provincial governments, and horizontally among the provinces. Provinces then also redistribute revenues among lower tiers of the government, through a revenue-sharing formula. A thorough look at the history indicates that this process has been complex and has a far-reaching impact. A less systematic approach has been adopted to decentralise the financial matters. Over time, the divisible pool has expanded due to heavy reliance on indirect taxes as well as improvement in the collection. Population is the sole distribution criteria, adopted in all NFC awards from the divisible pool. This has raised friction among the provinces, necessitating inclusion of other potential variables evolved from international best practices. In addition to that, absence of technical experts and permanency of the NFC is another impediment. The NFC is supposed to provide the framework for amicable distribution of resources between the federal and the provincial governments for the joint goal of development and prosperity.NFC; Pakistan; Fiscal Federalism; Rule and Discretion; Political Economy; Population; Subventions; Doing the Business of Government
Comparative Advantage of Major Crops Production in Punjab: An Application of Policy Analysis Matrix
No full textThis study uses data from 1999/2000 to 2004/05 to determine the relative efficiency of major crops (wheat, rice, sugarcane, and cotton) in Punjab (Pakistan) and their comparative advantage in international trade as measured by economic profitability and the domestic resource cost (DRC) ratio. An economic profitability analysis demonstrates that Punjab has a comparative advantage in the domestic production of wheat for self-sufficiency but not for export purposes. In basmati production, Punjab has a comparative advantage, and increasing Basmati production for export is a viable economic proposition. The nominal protection coefficient (NPC), effective protection coefficient (EPC), and DRC for Irri rice are more than 1: the given input-output relationship and export prices do not give Punjab a comparative advantage in production of Irri for export. Sugarcane growers did not receive economic prices (i.e. prices reflecting true opportunity costs) during 2001/02 and 2002/03 in an importing scenario, while in 2003/04, the NPC was 1.02, indicating positive support to sugarcane growers. The NPCs estimated under an exporting situation range from 1.33 to 1.99, indicating that the prices received by growers are higher than the export parity/economic prices. This is also an indication that sugarcane cultivation for exporting sugar is not feasible in terms of economic value. The NPCs for cotton under an importing scenario were less than 1 while under an exporting scenario were either close to or greater than 1, implying an expansion in cotton production as imports have been more expensive than domestic production
National Finance Commission Awards in Pakistan : A Historical Perspective
No full textThis study explores the evolution of fiscal resource distribution in Pakistan. Pakistan is a federation comprising four provinces, federallyadministered areas, and the Islamabad Capital Territory. Being a central type of government, most of the revenues are collected by the centre and then redistributed vertically between the federal and the provincial governments, and horizontally among the provinces. Provinces then also redistribute revenues among lower tiers of the government, through a revenue-sharing formula. A thorough look at the history indicates that this process has been complex and has a far-reaching impact. A less systematic approach has been adopted to decentralise the financial matters. Over time, the divisible pool has expanded due to heavy reliance on indirect taxes as well as improvement in the collection. Population is the sole distribution criteria, adopted in all NFC awards from the divisible pool. This has raised friction among the provinces, necessitating inclusion of other potential variables evolved from international best practices. In addition to that, absence of technical experts and permanency of the NFC is another impediment. The NFC is supposed to provide the framework for amicable distribution of resources between the federal and the provincial governments for the joint goal of development and prosperity.NFC, Pakistan, fiscal federalism, Rule and Discretion, political economy, Population, Subventions, Doing the Business of Government
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