563 research outputs found
The Arab people and the early Islamic period
No full textThis MA thesis, entitled The Arab People and The Early Islamic Period, has been written in response to the post 9/11 interest in the Arab people and early Islam among Western academics. It gives a brief account of pre-Islamic Arabia, the beginnings of Islam and the philosophies and ideologies contained in the religion in an attempt to address the following two fundamental questions: 1. Are there any real grounds for the widely-held perception of the Arab people as a backward race, uncivilised, fragmented, unwilling to develop and making no contribution to the international community? Does their history support this perception? 2. Do the origins of Islam and the way it developed and expanded during its earliest days support current criticisms that Islam itself is an inherently violent religion? A study of the theories of the Arabs as a Semitic race, their geographical distribution and civilisations, the tribes of pre-Islamic Arabia and the ruling powers which influenced the region up to the 6(^th) century will be presented, before an examination of the origins of Islam, from the birth of the Prophet Muhammad in AD 570 to the death of the fourth Caliph in AD 661. It was during this period that Islam reached its zenith as a religion. During this time the essential, fundamental Islam can be surveyed - before imperial Islam was born, before it was adapted to suit differing needs and before it fragmented into sects. All original knowledge of Islam came from this period, what followed merely being derivatives of it. By examining the nature of the expansion of Islam - whether it was spread by military force or through trade and missionaries - we attempt to address questions concerning the Prophet’s confrontations with the enemies of Islam. Were he and his caliphs impoverished, power-seeking imperialists or did they just respond to challenges resulting from what they saw as a duty to make the Prophet's ideology known to people? The conclusion will argue that the Arab people, those of pre-Islamic Arabia as well as those of today, are direct descendents of the early inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, bound by common history and language with no ancestral discontinuity. Arabia is the birthplace of the earliest civilisations and has always been the home of many religions and ideologies. This region has always played an important role in other civilisations, in terms of imperial expansion, trade and the exchange of ideas. Many of its qualities were adopted and encompassed within those other civilisations. That Arabia became the birthplace of Islam seems natural, given that it has always been a region rich in ideas. Its emergence was also timely, as the other two monotheistic religions had been, coming at just the right moment for humanity. Islam embraces other faiths and religions, does not call for the enslavement of mind or body and does not encourage violent acts. The negative perceptions of Arabs as anti-establishment and violent and of Islam as a dangerous religion which threatens humanity is ill-founded. The reactions to Islam currently being witnessed mirrors events of 7(^th) century when the Byzantine and Sassanian superpowers sought to secure land and natural resources under the pretext of ideological differences. It is likely that this region will always be a theatre of conflict, due to its geographical location as a crossroads between continents. This study is divided into the following four chapters (excluding introduction and conclusions):Chapter 1 ： Ancient Arabia and the World Leading to the 6(^th) Century Chapter 2: Prophet Muhammad and the Birth of Islam Chapter 3: The Rāshīdūn Period Chapter 4: Islam - The Ongoing Legacy. In surveying and summarising such a large span of time, from the early history of man up to the century, this work gives a broad overview rather than going into great detail on any of the topics covered. Whilst referring to other civilisations, such as ancient Egyptian, Greek and Persian where pertinent, this work focuses on the Arabian Peninsula and on the civilisations within that geographical region. In addition, there are few references from the time of the early Muslim expansion which reflect the opinions of opposing sides. References from the 9(^th) century onward are more widely available. Therefore, it was decided that presenting a history of the misrepresentation of Islam was beyond the scope of this MA. given that extensive research would need to be carried out in order to present an accurate, balanced account. This work is addressed to non-Arabic speaking readers. Regarding research, a decision was made to rely for sources on Western books and references easily available to examiners and readers. It was considered that the use of Arabic references could prove problematic, as understanding them without full knowledge of the Arabic language would be difficult. As there is no linguistic aspect to the scope of this thesis and given that it is addressed to non- Arabic speaking readers, a standardised simplified transliteration system has been used
Effect of substructure stiffness on the performance of integral abutment bridges under thermal loads
No full textThis research investigates the effect of substructure stiffness on the performance of short and medium span length Integral Abutment Bridges (IABs) subjected to thermal load. Various parameters such as foundation soil stiffness, pile orientation, pile type, and abutment geometry on the performance of IABs, are considered. Three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element (FE) models were developed using the FE software LUSAS to capture the behavior of IABs including the variations in displacement and rotation in the transverse direction for the various components of the superstructure as well as the substructure. Field measurements from a recently constructed two-span steel girder IAB were utilized to validate the 3D FE models. Using the validated model, a parametric study was carried out to study the effect of the above parameters on the performance of IABs under thermal loading using AASHTO-LRFD temperature ranges. The study shows that among the investigated parameters, the foundation soil stiffness stands as the most important factor that affects the performance of IABs. In general, the bridge behavior is more sensitive to the foundation soil stiffness during bridge contraction. The results from the study show considerable variations in displacement and rotation in the transverse direction for the various components of the superstructure and the substructure in relatively wide IABs. This research suggests that Prestressed Concrete Piles can be a viable alternative to steel H-Piles for short span bridges. It was also noticed that the stress level due to thermal loading in the various components of the bridge can be significantly reduced by enclosing the top part of the pile in an enclosure filled with crushed stone or loose sand. Moreover, the research suggests that the pile orientation has a minimum effect on the behavior of IABs. It also suggests that a slight increase in the abutment height can significantly reduce the displacement and rotation along the piles during bridge expansion. The research also suggests that 3D models are necessary to capture the behavior of IABs especially during bridge expansion. The research provides simple equations and charts to help bridge engineers calculate the displacement and rotation along the substructure.Ph. D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Suhail Albhais
Improved Channel Allocation Scheme for Cognitive Radio Networks
No full textIn recent years, wireless channel optimization technologies witnessed tremendous improvements. In this regard, research for developing wireless spectrum for accommodating a wider range of wireless devices increased. This also helped in resolving spectrum scarcity issues. Cognitive Radio (CR) is a type of wireless communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are being used. To avoid interference, it instantly moves traffic into vacant channels by avoiding the occupied ones. Cognitive Radio (CR) technology showed the potential to deal with the spectrum shortage problem. The spectrum assignment is often considered as a key research challenge in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). In this paper, an evolutionary optimization algorithm is proposed for channel assignment in CRNs. Evolutionary algorithms are inspired by some type of biological evolution technique. In the proposed technology we used Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The resulting algorithm is called differential evolution-based particle swarm optimization with the repair process (DEPSO-RP). Moreover, a repair process is introduced to remove conflicts among secondary users (SUs) to increase the spectrum in CRNs. The performance of DEPSO-RP spectrum assignment algorithm has been evaluated by extensive simulations. The proposed spectrum assignment algorithm showed better performance regarding channel assignment in comparison with other existing algorithms in the literature
Sustainable construction debris management in Bina Darulaman Berhad (BDB) / Muhammad Atiff Suhail Che Had and Nor Amin Mohd Radzuan
No full textThe study focuses on sustainable construction debris management and explores its current state through a quest survey distributed to key stakeholders in the Bina Darulaman Berhad (BDB). To achieve sustainable debris management, the study advocates for education, stricter regulations, recycling, and promoting circular economy principles, emphasizing the need for collaboration among stakeholders. Overall, the research provides valuable insights to guide policymakers, industry stakeholders, and environmental advocates towards a greener and more resilient construction sector. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect primary data from key stakeholders, including construction companies, waste management agencies, local authorities, and environmental experts. The survey aimed to assess existing debris management practices, challenges faced, and the implementation of sustainable strategies. The collected data underwent rigorous analysis using statistical tools and qualitative techniques. The research delved into understanding prevalent disposal methods, recycling rates, and the level of awareness regarding sustainable debris management practices. Moreover, the study investigated the effectiveness of regulations and policies in promoting responsible waste management
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Intellectual property laws and Islam in Malaysia.
No full textPhDThis study is undertaken on the premise that Islam and Islamic law is to be taken into
serious consideration in any future legislative reform of laws in Malaysia. Islam being
the religion of the country and the strong religious sentiment of the Muslims (who
form the majority in Malaysia) cannot be overlooked or dismissed lightly by the
legislators in Malaysia. Reformation of intellectual property laws is timely, as we are
now approaching to the dateline set by GATF-Trips agreement which aim is to
improve our standard of intellectual property protection. This study seeks to analyze
and evaluate the current legislation pertaining to intellectual property in Malaysia in
terms of the philosophy and rules governing the existence, ownership and exercise of
these rights and their consistency and inconsistency with Islam and Islamic law. The
main objective of this study is to prove that a coherent and logical conceptual
framework of ownership of intellectual property can be derived from an Islamic
perspective which not only offers the basis of rights but also defines the scope of
these rights. From the point of ownership of rights, support can be obtained from the
normative framework of property rights within the traditional classification of 'mal'
(property) and 'haqq al-milkiyyah' (ownership rights) under Islamic law. From the
point of exercise of rights, the exact scope can be defined from the analysis of
fundamental concepts which have been developed by Muslim jurists. It has been
established that Islam and Islamic law offers a sound and systematic paradigm, which
in deeper analysis, can satisfy both our current obligations under international
treatises, as well as our responsibility to practise our religion to the fullest
Medina in the Ayyubid period and the Shi'a influence upon it
No full textThe underlying concern of this thesis is to shed light on the history of Medina during the Ayyubid period, discussing and analysing the Shi'a emergence in the city in that time, and the transfer to them of power, the judiciary and the key religious positions. It also discusses their influence over the various facets of life there. The study comprises an introduction, six central chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter includes a general introduction, beginning with a historical background of pre-Islamic Medina, and then proceeds to present an overview of the importance of the subject and the reasons for choosing it. It then moves on to an exposition of the key issues which the study will discuss, and the methodology which it follows. The second chapter provides a concise account of the significance of Medina in the Islamic sources (the Qur'an and the hadith), discussing the role of the city and its inhabitants in their support for and propagation of Islam. It also gives a short account of the history of Medina following the death of the Prophet up until the Umayyad period, and briefly discusses the key historical events during that period. The
third chapter examines the state of the Islamic World prior to and during the Ayyubid period, and discusses the key historical events that occurred in Medina at that time and
their connection with what was happening in the Islamic World. The fourth chapter studies and analyses the emergence of the Shi'a in Medina during the Ayyflbid period, and examines certain accounts of this. It also tracks the history of the Shia in Medina prior to the Ayyübid period by providing critical examples of some of the accounts on the subject. The reasons behind the emergence of the Twelver Shia doctrine in Medina during the
Ayyübid period will also be studied and analysed, and the chapter will explain how the Shi'a came to assume the key political and religious offices in the city. Their relations with other Shi'a sects will also be examined, and the way in which their control of Medina came to an end will be discussed. The fifth chapter discusses political life in Medina during the Ayyubid period and the influence of the Shia upon it, studies and analyses the political
relations between the emirs of Medina and each of the neighbouring tribes, the emirs of Mecca, the sultans of the Ayyubid state and those of the Banü Rasül in Yemen, and
explains the influence of the Shi'a on these relations and the role which they played in the political life in the city. The sixth chapter discusses social life in Medina during the Ayyubid period and the influence of the Shia upon it, by studying the composition of civil society and its groupings, the distinguishing features apparent in each grouping, and the elements of social life and its economic conditions, as well as the constructive interplay between them, in order to present an accurate picture of the city's social life. The seventh chapter discusses the state of learning in the city during the Ayyübid period and the Shia
influence upon it, by examining some of the accounts mentioned by certain historians and travellers. It will also include a refutation of these negative accounts by presenting a thorough, extensive description of the state of learning in Medina, through studying the teaching lectures which were current in the Prophet's Mosque and the madrasas of that time, the kuttabs, the syllabuses, the teaching methods, the most notable 'ulama' and their key works, the role of the Sunni 'ulama' in the flourishing of learned activity and, lastly, the Shi'a influence upon it. The eighth chapter summarises and discusses the study's most
important findings and draws conclusions from them, before making suggestions for future research
Portable BBQ grill set / Amar Suhail Mohd Karim ... [et al.]
No full textThe main objective of this product is to create a new, simple and compact BBQ set. It means that our product will be a much more better BBQ grill set than the existing products. That is because some of the people are having a hard time using those products. Our product can be easily to deploy anywhere since it has a great design. Apart from that, our product can help unfreeze frozen foods with our special features. People do have a problems to unfreeze the frozen food they have since their BBQ grills set don’t have this function. Next is our product can help to eliminate all of the problems that people nowadays have with their BBQ grill set. Last but not least, our product is made to ensure the safety operation of the machine also give the customer maximum safety while using our product
Seaweed minerals: unlocking functional food potential from an Indian perspective
No full textAbstract Minerals and trace elements are thought to be necessary for human nutrition, and seaweeds are well known for their accumulation capacity and the rate may vary based on the locations. Green seaweeds are recognized for their iron and magnesium content, whilst brown and red seaweeds prefer to accumulate manganese, iodine, sodium, potassium, and zinc. These properties provide significant opportunities for the functional food development industry to create new ingredients and generate employment. Additionally, certain seaweeds are considered as potential candidates for addressing the iodine deficiency through regular consumption, thus seaweeds hold great potential as functional foods. This review examines the role of minerals in seaweed farming followed by their impact on seaweed growth and nutritional value, the health benefits of mineral-enriched seaweed, and its market potential as a functional food. It also discusses about the limitations, challenges, pathways for popularization, and future opportunities for seaweed as a functional food. Author name: Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Author 1 Given name: [S. Shek Mohamed] Last name [Ibrahim]. Author 2 Given name: [R. Suhail] Last name [Haq]. Author 3 Given name: [S. Dinesh] Last name [Kumar]. Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct. The author's given name modified accordingly. Graphical Abstrac
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