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Implementing ‘bio-prospecting reproductive knowledge’: An effort scenario to conserved Indonesian biodiversity and endemicity toward a post-modern globalized world
No full text“Beyond Biotechnology: Human Enhancement Technology and Pursuit for Happiness” (An Islamic perspective of bioethics case study)
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Teknologi yang paling sukses berkembang dengan cepat pada awal tahun 2000 adalah teknologi kloning terapi dan reproduksi, teknologi ini sudah dapat dimanfaatkan pada manusia, dengan harapan akan dapat mensejahterakan kehidupan manusia, tetapi disisi lain memberikan dampak pada nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Dampak positif dan negatif tersebut menyebabkan banyak ilmuwan untuk mengaktualisasikan kembali akan keberadaan Tuhan sebagai Sang pencipta dan konsep etika pada tataran aplikasinya. Perkembangan bioteknologi terutama teknologi human enhancement yaitu teknologi yang memanfaatkan bagian tubuh manusia, yaitu berupa bagian tubuh saja, sel-sel untuk dibiakkan dalam tabung atau membuat klon kembaran manusia utuh sudah merupakan teknologi yang sangat aplikatif diterapkan pada manusia. Teknologi ini dapat bermanfaat pada manusia, tetapi juga mengancam eksistensi nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Islam sebagai ajaran yang diyakini punya makna universal, ternyata tidak memberikan inspirasi para ilmuwan muslim ataupun ulama untuk secara bersama-sama membahas masalah ini. Ilmuwan muslim dan ulama berjalan sendiri-sendiri dan menikmati status masing-masing tanpa memperhatikan perkembangan teknologi yang menyebabkan dunia lain, menghadapi diskursus pemahaman di era biologi seperti sekarang ini, tetapi kita tetap tertinggal dan tidak punya peran pada perkembangannya. Sehingga terkesan Islam bukanlah ajaran alternatif untuk menjawab tantangan perkembangan teknologi. Bioetika pada akhir-akhir ini sedang mengalami perkembangan yang cukup pesat dan batasan domain keilmuannya semakin luas. Apakah domain hanya untuk mengevaluasi pada masalah etika percobaan-percobaan di bidang biologi dan kedokteran manusia atau meluas menyangkut semua percobaan ataupun riset yang membahayakan eksistensi kehidupan? Moralitas ini termasuk untuk mengurangi rasa sakit, rasa takut, baik pada binatang dan manusia, biohazard, dan pengakuan adanya sang pencipta dan ciptaannya. Islam sebagai agama yang mengajarkan tentang universalitas sebenarnya mempunyai pandangan yang cukup sempurna yang dapat digunakan sebagai pandangan dasar untuk mengembangkan bioetika, ada 4 dasar yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi landasan Ilmuwan muslim untuk mengembangkan bioetika yaitu tauhid sebagai landasan dan acuan kebebasan berfikir yang bersifat sunatullah, semua kehidupan pada hakekatnya selalu beribadah pada Allah S.W.T., pada hakekat setiap kehidupan mempunyai hak untuk hidup dan dihargai, sekecil apapun kehidupan itu, dan semua kehidupan pada hakekatnya dapat dimanfaatkan oleh manusia, tetapi harus dimanfaatkan dengan orientasi jangka panjang (dunia dan akherat).
Kata kunci: bioteknologi, human enhancement technology, Islam
Abstract
The most successful technology in early of 2000’s were reproductive and therapeutic cloning, this technology were already implemented in human, it was giving prospective impact for human happiness and prosperities on one sides, but on the other side giving fundamental question for human dignity. It was giving positive and negative impact; it was rooted in either theological or ethical consideration. Ironically, almost all Muslim aware that Islam is teaching universalities, but not so many Islamic scholar both scientist and clerics were gathering to solving such problem. Scientists were doing by their selves and clerics enjoying their social status without doing anything, if such condition still working on Muslim countries without any conclusion, science and technology will be left Muslim behind on the age of biology. Today, the field of bioethics struggles with its proper scope. Should it concern itself with the ethical evaluation of all questions involving biology and medicine? Some bioethicists would narrow ethical evaluation only to the morality of medical treatments or technological innovations, and the timing of medical treatment of humans. Others would broaden the scope of ethical evaluation to include the morality of all actions that might help or harm organisms capable of feeling fear and pain, biohazard, and include within bioethics all such actions if they bear a relation to medicine and biology, the existence of creator as well. In Islam as universal religion, it was concluded that to solve its problem, Islamic bioethics were base on 4 principal for arrange bioethics as follow, the first Tauhid as spiritual freedom, Every living things have a duty to worship Allah, every living things have a right to exists, and Utilizing of living things should be used utilitarian approach. From the case of ethical problem, Islamic construction was arranged with base on ontological judgment, First step to analysis philosophies issues by assuming and framing logically with ontological approach that means tawhid is starting point to arrange the construction Islamic knowledge, with this construction of knowledge human happiness will be come in reality, it is the essence of life, Al Qur’an and sunnah as supreme of knowledge not only of religious law, but of very nature of existence and beyond of existence of the very source of existence.
Key word: Islamic bioethics, human enhancement technolog
Alternative formulations of E. scaber and S. androgynous extracts as immunomodulatory agents for suppression of bacterial infection in pregnant mice: A case of traditional herbal formulas in reproduction
No full textTapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L) extract–induced CD4+ and CD8+ differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cell proliferation in mice (Mus musculus L)
No full textAktivitas Imunomodulator Polyscias obtusa Terhadap Sistem Imunitas Pada Bone Marrow Broiler Setelah Pemberian Salmonella typhimurium
Get PDFAntibiotik banyak dimasukkan dalam pakan ternak untuk menanggulangi penyakit ternak, namun pemberian antibiotik dalam waktu lama dapat menyebabkan resistensi dan juga residu bagi manusia. Polyscias obtusa memiliki senyawa saponin, tanin, dan flavonoid yang diduga sebagai imunomodulator dalam sistem imunitas tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh daun P. obtusa sebagai imunomodulator terhadap imunitas anak ayam broiler. Metode penelitian diantaranya uji konfirmasi bakteri, persiapan kultur bakteri dan daun P. obtusa, pembuatan pakan ransum dosis 1 (0.08%), dosis 2 (0.16%) dan dosis 3 (0.26%) dari daun P. obtusa, infeksi S. typhimurium 500 µl secara oral di hari ke-14, pembedahan pertama pada hari ke-24, pembedahan terakhir pada hari ke-34, sel limfosit diisolasi pada organ bone marrow dan diinkubasi dengan antibodi rat-anti-CD4+PE, rat-anti-CD8+ FITC, dan rat-anti-CD45+PerCP masing-masing sebanyak 50 µl kemudian dilakukan running flowcytometri. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan perlakuan yang paling menunjukkan dalam peningkatan sel limfosit adalah perlakuan yang diberi dosis daun P. obtusa, yaitu perlakuan pakan ransum dosis 0,08%, perlakuan pakan ransum dosis 0,16%, dan perlakuan pakan ransum dosis 0,26%. Jumlah relatif CD4+ mengalami peningkatan dengan hasil yang berbeda nyata. Sehingga dapat dibuktikan bahwa daun P. obtusa mampu berperan sebagai imunomodulator dalam sistem imunitas
Analysis Activity of Elephantopus scaber Leaves Extract Against Quantitative Changes of Lymphocytes Cells in BALB/c Mice After Induction of DMBA and Estrogen
Get PDFThe carcinogenic compounds such as DMBA known for having the ability to promote the DNA damage that affects the growth regulator genes. Therefore, uncontrolled cell growth will occur and change the immune system. Elephantopus scaber extract is considered as an alternative way of handling breast cancer since it capable to affect the work of the immune system. Hence, this study aims to determine the effect of E. scaber extract on quantitative changes of CD4+, CD8+ T cells and proinflammatory cytokines CD4+IFNγ+ and CD4+TNF-α+ after induction of DMBA and estrogen. In vivo experiments were carried out by using 5-6 weeks old of female mice BALB/c strain. The extract of E. scaber leaf powder was obtained from Material Medica Batu, Malang. The experimental animals were divided into five groups such as negative control group (K-), positive control group (K+), mice treated with E. scaber extract for a week (group 1), mice treated with E. scaber extract for 2 weeks (group 2), and mice treated with E. scaber extract for 3 weeks (group 3). Induction of DMBA and estrogen was conducted by injection of DMBA (7.12 dimetylbenz (α) anthracene) 0.56 mg.kgBW-1 and estradiol hormone 0.0504 mg.kgBW-1. Mice were treated with E. scaber extract with a dose of 50 mg.kgBW-1. Lymphocytes were isolated from spleen and observed the CD4+, CD8+ T cells and proinflammatory cytokines CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD4+TNFα+ T cells through flow cytometry analysis. One-way ANOVA (p <0.05) and SPSS were used to analyze this data. The results showed that the induction of DMBA and estradiol hormone affected mice fur loss. It also decreased the immune system by lowering the number of CD4 and CD8 T cells. However, E. scaber extracts increased the number of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α. Furthermore, the DMBA and estradiol induction also promoted the number of CD4+IFN-γ+ in the first week, but decreased the number of CD4+IFN-γ+ at weeks 2 and 3, then increase the number of CD4+IFN-γ+. So, the treatment of E. scaber extracts demonstrated the ability to restore the homeostasis of the immune system in the first and second weeks
Effectivity of Polyscias obtusa Simplicia as Immunomodulator on CaecaTonsil of Broiler Post Infection of Salmonella typhimurium
Get PDFAntibiotics usually used to protect the animals from pathogens, but antibiotics have residues which have negative side efect. Antibiotics can substituted with Polyscias obtusa simplicia because this plant contains a chemical compound called Flavonoid which roles in immune system as immunomodulator. This study aimed to determine the mobilization and development of CD4+, CD8+ and B220+ T-Cells lymphocytes from thymus of broiler that have been given additional feed Polyscias obtusa after infected by Salmonella typhimurium and determine the optimum dose of the addition of simplicia's Polyscias obtusa which can influence the mobilization of T-Cells lymphocyte in Thymus. The procedure are confirmation of the Salmonella typhimurium isolates, prepare the simplicia's Polyscias obtusa and Salmonella typhimurium bacterial culture, orally infections in 500 µl, prepare supplemented feeds by three doses (i.e. dose 1 (0.08%), dose 2 (0.16%) and dose 3 (0.26%)), thymus and T-Cells lymphocytes isolation and Flowcytometry analysis. The results showed that feeding with antibiotical feed + Salmonella infection and natural feed with additional Polyscias obtusa simplicia's dose 2 (0.16%) have increased the relative number of CD4+, CD8+ and B220+. T-Cells lymphocytes of thymus with different time feeding period have significant differences for relative number of CD8+. This result gave proof that Polyscias obtusa simplicia have the ability and influence to increase the body's immune system
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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