39 research outputs found
Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA)
No full text<p>When you use this dataset, please also cite the following paper introducing it:</p>
<p>Petro Pesonen, Ulla Moilanen, Meeli Roose, Jarkko Saipio, Jasse Tiilikkala, Muhammad Usman Sanwal, Visa Immonen, Outi Vesakoski & Päivi Onkamo (submitted manuscript): Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA).</p>
<p>The database also includes a collection of photographs that are found in another Zenodo repository and should be referenced as follows: Moilanen et al. 2024. (Moilanen, U., Pesonen, P., Saipio, J., Tiilikkala, J., Sanwal, M. 2024. Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA)), photograph repository: https://zenodo.org/records/10417384</p>
<p>The AADA database is thematically organised into three MS Excel tables according to the prehistoric era: Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age periods. Each period contains both period-specific and general artefact categories and accordingly also period-specific and general variables(Table 1). The database is provided also as csv-files.</p>
<p><em>Table 1. The artefact categories included in the AADA database.</em></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>AADA Stone Age.xlsx</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>AADA Bronze Age.xlsx</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>AADA Iron Age.xlsx</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Pottery</p>
<p>Stone tools</p>
<p>Clay artefacts</p>
<p>Bone artefacts</p>
<p>Wooden artefacts</p>
<p>Amber</p>
<p>Birch bark tar</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Pottery</p>
<p>Stone tools</p>
<p>Clay artefacts</p>
<p>Bone artefacts</p>
<p>Wooden artefacts</p>
<p>Bronze objects</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Potter</p>
<p>Stone tools</p>
<p>Clay artefacts</p>
<p>Bone artefacts</p>
<p>Wooden artefacts</p>
<p>Bronze artefacts</p>
<p>Iron artefacts</p>
<p>Silver and golden artefacts</p>
<p>Beads</p>
<p>Organic materials</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>Each row in the table represents a single artefact, while each column represents a specific attribute, such as its type, period, site, and measurements. Pottery forms a different case as the material is not organised according to separate vessels (except pottery detailed in AADA Iron Age), but according to types/styles present in each collection main number. The detailed description of the data is found in the paper Pesonen et al. (2024).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>This is the second version of our dataset where we have removed few empty columns before the last column "Photo ID"</p>
<p> </p>
Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA)
No full text<p>When you use this dataset, please also cite the following paper introducing it:</p>
<p>Petro Pesonen, Ulla Moilanen, Meeli Roose, Jarkko Saipio, Jasse Tiilikkala, Muhammad Usman Sanwal, Visa Immonen, Outi Vesakoski & Päivi Onkamo (submitted manuscript): Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA).</p>
<p>The database also includes a collection of photographs that are found in another Zenodo repository and should be referenced as follows: Moilanen et al. 2024. (Moilanen, U., Pesonen, P., Saipio, J., Tiilikkala, J., Sanwal, M. 2024. Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA)), photograph repository: https://zenodo.org/records/10417384</p>
<p>The AADA database is thematically organised into three MS Excel tables according to the prehistoric era: Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age periods. Each period contains both period-specific and general artefact categories and accordingly also period-specific and general variables(Table 1). The database is provided also as csv-files.</p>
<p><em>Table 1. The artefact categories included in the AADA database.</em></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong>AADA Stone Age.xlsx</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>AADA Bronze Age.xlsx</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><strong>AADA Iron Age.xlsx</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Pottery</p>
<p>Stone tools</p>
<p>Clay artefacts</p>
<p>Bone artefacts</p>
<p>Wooden artefacts</p>
<p>Amber</p>
<p>Birch bark tar</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Pottery</p>
<p>Stone tools</p>
<p>Clay artefacts</p>
<p>Bone artefacts</p>
<p>Wooden artefacts</p>
<p>Bronze objects</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Potter</p>
<p>Stone tools</p>
<p>Clay artefacts</p>
<p>Bone artefacts</p>
<p>Wooden artefacts</p>
<p>Bronze artefacts</p>
<p>Iron artefacts</p>
<p>Silver and golden artefacts</p>
<p>Beads</p>
<p>Organic materials</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>Each row in the table represents a single artefact, while each column represents a specific attribute, such as its type, period, site, and measurements. Pottery forms a different case as the material is not organised according to separate vessels (except pottery detailed in AADA Iron Age), but according to types/styles present in each collection main number. The detailed description of the data is found in the paper Pesonen et al. (2024).</p>
<p> </p>
Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA) Photographs
No full text<p><strong>Archaeological Artefact Dataset Finland, photos</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>Citing photographs:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Moilanen et al. 2024. (Moilanen, U., Pesonen, P., Saipio, J., Tiilikkala, J., Sanwal, M. 2024. Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA)) </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong>and</p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>Pesonen et al. 2024. (Pesonen, P., Moilanen, U., Roose, M., Saipio, J., Tiilikkala, J., Sanwal, U., Immonen, V., Vesakoski, O. & Onkamo, P. 2024. Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA)). Resubmitted manuscript to Nature Scientific Data)</strong></p>
<p><strong>Photographs download</strong></p>
<p>Photograph repository: <a href="../records/11256533">https://zenodo.org/records/11256533</a></p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>AADA Dataset download of latest releases and descriptions </strong></p>
<p>Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/records/11279777</p>
<p>This dataset includes the photos related to Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA, https://zenodo.org/records/11279777). The aim of this paper is to act as AADA dataset photo naming and access guide.</p>
<p><strong> </strong>Each artefact in the AADA Supplement 1. (https://zenodo.org/records/11279777) photo has an individual identifier name (Column “PhotoID”) and the corresponding individual photo (s) are is found with the same identifier (PhotoID) from the photo files in hand. The naming of the photographs was created with the following pattern (titles of columns of the AADA Database): “Collection” + ”Main number” + ”Subnumber”, e.g., KM 12345_5.jpg. In several cases there are many photographs of the same artefact and then these are indicated with a,b,c etc., e.g., KM 12345_5b.jpg. </p>
<p>The photos are arranged according to their collection id:s (column “Collection” in Supplement 1. organised in folders in the AADA Supplement 2. To merge the photos to the typological data, users need to download the photos and AADA dataset to their computer and run the Python script available here, in the “AADA Photos Hyperlink folder”. The details about the script can be found in the Readme file. Users can also create hyperlinks to the Photo ID column of Excel tables. Photo links can be created directly in the Excel tables by linking to the Photo ID column. This enables quick access to the photos from within the database.</p>
<p><strong>Photo ID naming convention</strong></p>
<p>The photographs in the AADA dataset are named using the following pattern based on specific column titles from the database:</p>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>KM 12345_5.jpg</p>
</li>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Collection: KM</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Main number: 12345</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Subnumber: 5</p>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>In cases where there are multiple photographs of the same artefact, they are distinguished by adding letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the subnumber:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>KM 12345_5b.jpg</p>
</li>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Collection: KM</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Main number: 12345</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Subnumber: 5</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Additional identifier: b</p>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p><strong>Locating photographs:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Downloading and running the Python script</strong></p>
<p>To utilize the photos efficiently, follow these steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Download the photos and typological data to your local computer.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Navigate to the AADA Photos Hyperlink folder.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Run the provided Python script to automate the hyperlinking process.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>
<p>Most of the pottery data do not have photos of them because the material is highly fragmented and unique vessels were not separated. <br> </p>
<p><strong>Data restrictions</strong></p>
<p>The dataset and photos are freely and openly available to anyone with the condition of mentioning this publication as a reference when using the data in publications.Dataset and photos are for noncommercial use only.</p>
<p> </p>
Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA) Photographs
No full text<p><strong>AADA dataset photo naming and access guide</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Citing photographs:</strong></p>
<p>Moilanen et al. 2024. (Moilanen, U., Pesonen, P., Saipio, J., Tiilikkala, J., Sanwal, M. 2024. Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA)) </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Photographs download</strong></p>
<p>Photograph repository: https://zenodo.org/records/10417384</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Photo ID naming convention</strong></p>
<p>The photographs in the AADA dataset are named using the following pattern based on specific column titles from the database:</p>
<p>Example</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>KM 12345_5.jpg</p>
</li>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Collection: KM</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Main number: 12345</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Subnumber: 5</p>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>In cases where there are multiple photographs of the same artefact, they are distinguished by adding letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the subnumber:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>KM 12345_5b.jpg</p>
</li>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Collection: KM</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Main number: 12345</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Subnumber: 5</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Additional identifier: b</p>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>Each photo has an individual name (ID) and the individual photo is found in the corresponding folder. The naming of the photographs was created with the following pattern (titles of columns of the AADA Database): “Collection” + ”Main number” + ”Subnumber”, e.g., KM 12345_5.jpg. In several cases there are many photographs of the same artefact and then these are indicated with a,b,c etc., e.g., KM 12345_5b.jpg. It is easy to find the photo of the artefact in question locating the correct folder. Users can also create hyperlinks to the Photo ID column of Excel tables. For that purpose, users need to download the AADA photos and AADA data to their computer and then run the python script available in the AADA Photos Hyperlink folder. The details about the script and how users can run that script can be found in the Readme file of the AADA Photos Hyperlink folder.</p>
<p><strong>Locating photographs:</strong></p>
<p>It is easy to find the photo of the artefact in question locating the correct folder. Photo links can be created directly in the Excel tables by linking to the Photo ID column. This enables quick access to the photos from within the database.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Downloading and running the Python script</strong></p>
<p>To utilize the photos efficiently, follow these steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Download the photos and Excel data to your local computer.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Navigate to the AADA Photos Hyperlink folder.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Run the provided Python script to automate the hyperlinking process.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>
<p>Most of the pottery data do not have photos of them because the material is highly fragmented and unique vessels were not separated. <br> </p>
<p><strong>Data restrictions</strong></p>
<p>The dataset and photos are freely and openly available to anyone with the condition of mentioning this publication as a reference when using the data in publications.Dataset and photos are for noncommercial use only.</p>
<p> </p>
Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA) Photographs
No full text<p>The photographs of the artefacts in AADA were taken during the collection of the database. The AADA database includes id-number "Photo ID" for each artefact. The data in hand includes individual photo files, each having this id-number of an artefact as its name. Thus, finding the photo of your focal artefact can be done through column "Photo ID". However, photos of pottery have no id-number so far (will be remedied soon).<br><br>The id-numbers of the artefact as created with the following pattern (titles of columns of the AADA Database): “Collection” + ”Main number” + ”Subnumber”, e.g., KM 12345_5.jpg. In several cases there are many photographs of the same artefact and then these are indicated with a,b,c etc., e.g., KM 12345_5b.jpg.</p>
<p> </p>
Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA)
No full text<p><strong><span>Supplement 1.</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span>Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA) </span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span>Cite this data as: </span></strong></p>
<p><span>Pesonen, P., Moilanen, U., Roose, M., Saipio, J., Tiilikkala, J., Sanwal, M. U., Immonen, V., Vesakoski, O. & Onkamo, P. . </span><span>Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA).</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><strong><span>Dataset download of latest releases and descriptions</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/records/10437704</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><strong><span>Dataset repository for versioning and maintenance</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Github: <a href="https://github.com/AADA-DATA/AADA-DATABase"><span>https://github.com/AADA-DATA/AADA-DATABase</span></a> (private for now)</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><strong><span>Format</span></strong></p>
<p><span>XSLX, CSV</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span>The data collection is described in Pesonen et al. (resubmitted ms).</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span>General structure of the data </span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><span>The AADA dataset is thematically organised into three subset of data according to the chronological periods. Each row in the dataset represents a single artefact.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span><span>●<span> </span></span></span><strong><span>Stone Age:</span></strong><span> Contains separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, amber, and birch bark tar.</span></p>
<p><span><span>●<span> </span></span></span><strong><span>Bronze Age:</span></strong><span> Contains separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, and bronze objects.</span></p>
<p><span><span>●<span> </span></span></span><strong><span>Iron Age:</span></strong><span> Contains separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, bronze artefacts, iron artefacts, silver and golden artefacts, beads, and organic materials. Also includes detailed tables of pottery and stone tools with subperiod-specific dating.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span>Each row in the dataset represents a single artefact, while each column represents a specific attribute, such as its type, period, site, and measurements. Moreover, each subset contains spreadsheets based on artefact type. For example, for the Stone Age period, there are separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, amber, and birch bark tar. Similarly, for the Bronze Age period, there are separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, and bronze objects. For the Iron Age period, there are separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, bronze artefacts, iron artefacts, silver and golden artefacts, beads, and organic materials. In addition, due to chronological period dependent recording procedures, the Iron Age table also contains a detailed table of pottery and stone tools (where e.g., the dating is specified according to Iron Age subperiods).</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span>Pottery tables differ from other artefact tables, where each row denotes the presence of a pottery within a specific collection number. The presence does not record how many vessels etc. there are in the collection number. Quantity is expressed in "count" columns.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><strong><span>Titles of the column</span></strong><a name="_4d34og8"></a></p>
<h4><strong><span>General and spatial information</span></strong></h4>
<p><span>The AADA dataset contains primary information on archaeological artefacts from different prominent institutions across Finland, such as the National Museum of Finland, Ålands Museum, and Turku Museum Centre, among others. These artefacts are organised using a main number and sub-number system. Additionally, the dataset includes information on the municipality. Overall, the primary information contained in the AADA dataset serves as a starting point while querying data.</span></p>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><strong><em><span>Collection</span></em><span> </span></strong><span>contains source information of 32 museums: <strong><span> </span></strong>KM = Kansallismuseo (National Museum of Finland); ÅM = Ålands Museum; TYA = Turun Yliopisto Arkeologia (University of Turku, Archaeology); </span><span>TMM <span>= Turun museokeskus (Turku Museum Centre; current signum is TMK but dataset uses TMM); SatM = Satakunnan Museo (Museum of Satakunta); KHMESIE = Kuopion kulttuurihistoriallinen museo (Kuopio Cultural History Museum ; EKM = Etelä-Karjalan museo (Museum of South Karelia) ; BM = Porvoon Museo (Porvoo Museum,sw. Borgå Museum); HM = Hämeen museo (Häme Museum, in Museum Centre Vapriikki, Tampere); Hal = Halikon museo (Halikko Museum, part of Salo Historical Museum); Per = Perniön museo (Perniö Museum, part of Salo Historical Museum); Linder = Linder collections in Turku Museum Centre; Nyberg = Nyberg collections in EKTA Museum Raasepori; SII = Pöljän kotiseutumuseo (curated by Kuopio Cultural History Museum); KARTT/VI = Karttulan kotiseutumuseo (curated by Kuopio Cultural History Museum); KIUR = Kiuruveden museo (Kiuruvesi Museum, curated by Kuopio Cultural History Museum); Lauri Nautela kok = Lauri Nautela Museum, Lieto; SHH = Stockholm Historiska Museet, Sweden.</span></span></p>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><strong><em><span>Main numbers</span></em><span> and <em>Sub-numbers</em> </span></strong><span>organise collections, e.g., KM 12456:1–25, where KM indicates the National Museum of Finland’s collection with the main number 12456, which has sub-numbers 1 to 25. Main number is a diary accession number for any single delivery of artefacts in the collections, e.g., an excavation of a site etc. Subnumbers point to separate find contexts within the act.</span></p>
<p><strong><em><span>Municipality</span></em><span>. </span></strong><span>The municipality categorises archaeological artefacts by their place of origin municipality-wise. The dataset reflects the situation as of 2020, although several municipalities have since merged. Old parish names are used for the ceded Karelia and other areas (prior 1945). </span></p>
<p><strong><em><span>Site id</span></em><span> </span></strong><span><span> </span>and <strong><em>Site name</em>.</strong> </span><span>Identification number and name of the find location sites in accordance with the Register of Archaeological Sites curated by the Finnish Heritage Agency. </span></p>
<p><strong><em><span>Phase</span></em></strong><span>. Information on the chronological period of the artefact, with SA denoting the Stone Age (8900-1900 calBC), BA representing the Bronze Age (1900-500 calBC), and IA indicating the Iron Age (500 calBC-1300 calAD).</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Coordinates (p/i/z).</span></strong><span> Two<span> </span>coordinate reference systems are provided:<span> </span>World Geodetic System (version WGS 84)<span> </span>and KKJ / Finland Uniform Coordinate System", with the EPSG identifier 2393 (https://epsg.io/2393).</span></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>p</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Coordinate northing ”pohjoinen” (in Finnish), KKJ / Finland Uniform Coordinate System, EPSG2393</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>i</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Coordinate easting ”itä” (in Finnish), KKJ / Finland Uniform Coordinate System, EPSG2393</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>z</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Elevation above the site above sea level in meters (m)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>X</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Coordinate latitude, WGS84.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Y</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Coordinate longitude, WGS84.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span> </span></p>
<h4><a name="_17dp8vu"></a><span>Temporal information</span></h4>
<p><strong><em><span>Period/dating</span></em></strong><span>. The dating of the artefacts in the AADA dataset varies according to material. In most tables (pottery, stone tools, clay, bronze, iron, beads) the dating is based on the typology of the artefacts. In some tables, other datable finds from the same site are used as dating criteria, i.e., thus providing a wider range of dating options for the object, including materials such as amber, bone, birch bark, and wood. The periodization for Late Iron Age differs in western, eastern, and northern Finland. Late Iron Age is generally extended to at least c. 1300 AD in eastern Finland and Karelia, and occasionally even longer in northern Finland. The abbreviations are the following:</span></p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<p><span>Mon1</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Montelius period 1.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Mon2</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Montelius period 2.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Mon3</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Montelius period 3.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Mon4</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Montelius period 4.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Mon5</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Montelius period 5.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Mon6</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Montelius period 6.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>m1</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Early Mesolithic: 8900–8200 BC (10900–10200 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>m1</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Early Mesolithic: 8900–8200 BC (10900–10200 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>m2</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Middle Mesolithic: 8200–6200 BC (10200–8200 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>m3</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Late Mesolithic: 6200–5100 BC (8200–7100 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>n1</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Early Neolithic: 5100–3900 BC (7100–5900 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>n2</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Middle Neolithic: 3900–2900 BC (5900–4900 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>n3</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Late Neolithic: 2900–2400 BC (4900–4400 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>n4</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Final Neolithic: 2400–1700 BC (4400–3700 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>p1</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Early Bronze Age (Montelian period I-III): 1700–1100 BC (3700–3100 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>p2</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Late Bronze Age (Montelian period IV-VI): 1100–500 BC (3100–2500 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>r1</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Early Iron Age (Pre-Roman Iron Age and Early/Late Roman Iron Age): 500 BC–400 AD (2500–1600 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>r2</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Late Iron Age (Merovingian Period to Medieval Period): 600–1530 AD (1400–470 calBP)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Preroman IA</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Pre-Roman Iron Age period:500-1 BC</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Early Roman IA</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Early Roman Iron Age period 0-200 AD</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Late Roman IA</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Late Roman Iron Age period: 200-400 AD</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Migration period</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Migration period: 400-600 AD</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Merovingian period</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Merovingian period: 600-800 AD</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Viking period</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Viking period: 800-1050 AD</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Crusade period</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Crusade period: 1050-1150/1300 AD</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>1100-1300</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Period from 1100 to 1300 AD.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>1400-1500</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Period from 1400 to 1500 AD.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4><a name="_3rdcrjn"></a><span>Typological information</span></h4>
<p><strong><span>Typology (category, types, subtypes)</span></strong><em><span>. </span></em><span>The artefacts in the dataset are organized hierarchically by typology, which includes category, type, and subtype. For example, the category of Stone Age bark floats is "wooden artefact," the type is "fishing implements," and the subtype is "bark float." In some cases, such as Stone Age stone tools, there is also a lower subtype hierarchy<span> </span>(subtype 2). In addition, the Finnish terms for subtype (and subtype 2) are presented as well. The columns describing the typology of the artefacts are</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong><em><span>Category</span></em></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>The hierarchical category of artefacts (e.g., "Bronze artefacts").</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong><em><span>Type</span></em></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>The hierarchical type of artefacts (e.g., " Bronze axe").</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong><em><span>Type (Finnish)</span></em></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Type of artefact, currently in Finnish</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong><em><span>Subtype</span></em></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>The hierarchical subtype of artefacts (e.g., "Palstave").</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong><em><span>Subtype (Finnish)</span></em></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>The hierarchical subtype of artefacts in Finnish (e.g., “Olkakirves”).</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong><em><span>Certainty</span></em></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Subjective identification of artefact type (1: certain, 2: probable, 3: possible).</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong><em><span>Main temper (Finnish)</span></em></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Main temper of pottery, currently in Finnish. Not to be taken as definite information. </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><strong><em><span>Other tempers (Finnish)</span></em></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Other tempers of pottery, currently in Finnish. Not to be taken as definite information.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Subtype 2</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Lower hierarchy of subtype for some artefacts.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Subtype 2 (Finnish)</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Lower hierarchy of subtype for some artefacts in Finnish.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Integrity</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Integrity of the artefact (TRUE/FALSE).</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Rock type (Finnish)</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Type of rock material, currently in Finnish.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p><span>Length (mm)</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span>Lengt
Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA)
No full text<p><strong>Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA)</strong></p>
<p><strong>Cite this data as:</strong></p>
<p>Pesonen, P., Moilanen, U., Roose, M., Saipio, J., Tiilikkala, J., Sanwal, M. U., Immonen, V., Vesakoski, O. & Onkamo, P. 2024. Archaeological Artefact Database of Finland (AADA).</p>
<p><strong>Dataset download of latest releases and descriptions</strong></p>
<p>Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/records/11279777</p>
<p><strong>Dataset repository for versioning and maintenance</strong></p>
<p>Github:<a href="https://github.com/AADA-DATA/AADA-DATABase"> https://github.com/AADA-DATA/AADA-DATABase</a></p>
<p><strong>Format</strong></p>
<p>XSLX, CSV</p>
<p>The data collection is described in Pesonen et al. (resubmitted ms).</p>
<p><strong>General structure of the data</strong></p>
<p>The AADA dataset is thematically organised into three subsets of data according to the chronological periods. Each row in the dataset represents a single artefact.</p>
<p> ● <strong>Stone Age:</strong> Contains separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, amber, and birch bark tar.</p>
<p>● <strong>Bronze Age:</strong> Contains separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, and bronze objects.</p>
<p>● <strong>Iron Age:</strong> Contains separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, bronze artefacts, iron artefacts, silver and golden artefacts, beads, and organic materials. Also includes detailed tables of pottery and stone tools with subperiod-specific dating.</p>
<p>Each row in the dataset represents a single artefact, while each column represents a specific attribute, such as its type, period, site, and measurements. Moreover, each subset contains spreadsheets based on artefact type. For example, for the Stone Age period, there are separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, amber, and birch bark tar. Similarly, for the Bronze Age period, there are separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, and bronze objects. For the Iron Age period, there are separate tables for pottery, stone tools, clay artefacts, bone artefacts, wooden artefacts, bronze artefacts, iron artefacts, silver and golden artefacts, beads, and organic materials. In addition, due to chronological period dependent recording procedures, the Iron Age table also contains a detailed table of pottery and stone tools (where e.g., the dating is specified according to Iron Age subperiods).</p>
<p>Pottery tables differ from other artefact tables, where each row denotes the presence of a pottery within a specific collection number. The presence does not record how many vessels etc. there are in the collection number. Quantity is expressed in "count" columns.</p>
<p><strong>Titles of the columns</strong></p>
<h4>General and spatial information</h4>
<p>The AADA dataset contains primary information on archaeological artefacts from different prominent institutions across Finland, such as the National Museum of Finland, Ålands Museum, and Turku Museum Centre, among others. These artefacts are organised using a main number and sub-number system. Additionally, the dataset includes information on the municipality. Overall, the primary information contained in the AADA dataset serves as a starting point while querying data.</p>
<p><strong>Collection</strong> contains source information of 32 museums: KM = Kansallismuseo (National Museum of Finland); ÅM = Ålands Museum; TYA = Turun Yliopisto Arkeologia (University of Turku, Archaeology); TMM = Turun museokeskus (Turku Museum Centre; current signum is TMK but dataset uses TMM); SatM = Satakunnan Museo (Museum of Satakunta); KHMESIE = Kuopion kulttuurihistoriallinen museo (Kuopio Cultural History Museum ; EKM = Etelä-Karjalan museo (Museum of South Karelia) ; BM = Porvoon Museo (Porvoo Museum,sw. Borgå Museum); HM = Hämeen museo (Häme Museum, in Museum Centre Vapriikki, Tampere); Hal = Halikon museo (Halikko Museum, part of Salo Historical Museum); Per = Perniön museo (Perniö Museum, part of Salo Historical Museum); Linder = Linder collections in Turku Museum Centre; Nyberg = Nyberg collections in EKTA Museum Raasepori; SII = Pöljän kotiseutumuseo (curated by Kuopio Cultural History Museum); KARTT/VI = Karttulan kotiseutumuseo (curated by Kuopio Cultural History Museum); KIUR = Kiuruveden museo (Kiuruvesi Museum, curated by Kuopio Cultural History Museum); Lauri Nautela kok = Lauri Nautela Museum, Lieto; SHH = Stockholm Historiska Museet, Sweden.</p>
<p><strong>Main numbers and Sub-numbers</strong> organise collections, e.g., KM 12456:1–25, where KM indicates the National Museum of Finland’s collection with the main number 12456, which has sub-numbers 1 to 25. Main number is a diary accession number for any single delivery of artefacts in the collections, e.g., an excavation of a site etc. Subnumbers point to separate find contexts within the act.</p>
<p><strong>Municipality.</strong> The municipality categorises archaeological artefacts by their place of origin municipality-wise. The dataset reflects the situation as of 2020, although several municipalities have since merged. Old parish names are used for the ceded Karelia and other areas (prior 1945).</p>
<p><strong>Site id and Site name.</strong> Identification number and name of the find location sites in accordance with the Register of Archaeological Sites curated by the Finnish Heritage Agency.</p>
<p><strong>Phase.</strong> Information on the chronological period of the artefact, with SA denoting the Stone Age (8900-1900 calBC), BA representing the Bronze Age (1900-500 calBC), and IA indicating the Iron Age (500 calBC-1300 calAD).</p>
<p><strong>Coordinates (p/i/z)</strong>. Two coordinate reference systems are provided: World Geodetic System (version WGS 84) and KKJ / Finland Uniform Coordinate System", with the EPSG identifier 2393 (https://epsg.io/2393).</p>
<p>p = Coordinate northing (pohjoinen in Finnish), KKJ / Finland Uniform Coordinate System, EPSG2393</p>
<p>I = Coordinate easting (itä in Finnish), KKJ / Finland Uniform Coordinate System, EPSG2393</p>
<p>z = Elevation above the site above sea level in meters (m)</p>
<p>X = Coordinate latitude, WGS84.</p>
<p>Y = Coordinate longitude, WGS84.</p>
<h4>Temporal information</h4>
<p><strong>Period/dating.</strong> The dating of the artefacts in the AADA dataset varies according to material. In most tables (pottery, stone tools, clay, bronze, iron, beads) the dating is based on the typology of the artefacts. In some tables, other datable finds from the same site are used as dating criteria, i.e., thus providing a wider range of dating options for the object, including materials such as amber, bone, birch bark, and wood. The periodization for Late Iron Age differs in western, eastern, and northern Finland. Late Iron Age is generally extended to at least c. 1300 AD in eastern Finland and Karelia, and occasionally even longer in northern Finland. The abbreviations are the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Mon1.</strong> Montelius period 1.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Mon2.</strong> Montelius period 2.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Mon3.</strong> Montelius period 3.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Mon4.</strong> Montelius period 4.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Mon5.</strong> Montelius period 5.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Mon6.</strong> Montelius period 6.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>m1.</strong> Early Mesolithic: 8900–8200 BC (10900–10200 calBP)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>m2.</strong> Middle Mesolithic: 8200–6200 BC (10200–8200 calBP)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>m3.</strong> Late Mesolithic: 6200–5100 BC (8200–7100 calBP)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>n1.</strong> Early Neolithic: 5100–3900 BC (7100–5900 calBP)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>n2.</strong> Middle Neolithic: 3900–2900 BC (5900–4900 calBP)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>n3.</strong> Late Neolithic: 2900–2400 BC (4900–4400 calBP)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>n4.</strong> Final Neolithic: 2400–1700 BC (4400–3700 calBP)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>p1.</strong> Early Bronze Age (Montelian period I-III): 1700–1100 BC (3700–3100 calBP)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>p2.</strong> Late Bronze Age (Montelian period IV-VI): 1100–500 BC (3100–2500 calBP)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>r1.</strong> Early Iron Age (Pre-Roman Iron Age and Early/Late Roman Iron Age): 500 BC–400 AD (2500–1600 calBP)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>r2.</strong> Late Iron Age (Merovingian Period to Medieval Period): 600–1530 AD (1400–470 calBP)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Preroman IA.</strong> Pre-Roman Iron Age period:500-1 BC</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Early Roman IA.</strong> Early Roman Iron Age period 0-200 AD</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Late Roman IA.</strong> Late Roman Iron Age period: 200-400 AD</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Migration period.</strong> Migration period: 400-600 AD</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Merovingian period.</strong> Merovingian period: 600-800 AD</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Viking period.</strong> Viking period: 800-1050 AD</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Crusade period.</strong> Crusade period: 1050-1150/1300 AD</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>1100-1300.</strong> Period from 1100 to 1300 AD.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>1400</strong>-<strong>1500.</strong> Period from 1400 to 1500 AD.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Typological information</h4>
<p><strong>Typology (category, types, subtypes)</strong>. The artefacts in the dataset are organized hierarchically by typology, which includes category, type, and subtype. For example, the category of Stone Age bark floats is "wooden artefact," the type is "fishing implements," and the subtype is "bark float." In some cases, such as Stone Age stone tools, there is also a lower subtype hierarchy (subtype 2). In addition, the Finnish terms for subtype (and subtype 2) are presented as well. The columns describing the typology of the artefacts are:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Category.</strong> The hierarchical category of artefacts (e.g., "Bronze artefacts")</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Type.</strong> The hierarchical type of artefacts (e.g., " Bronze axe")</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Type(Finnish).</strong> The hierarchical type of artefacts, in Finnish</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Subtype.</strong> The hierarchical subtype of artefacts (e.g., "Palstave")</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Subtype(Finnish).</strong> The hierarchical subtype of artefacts in Finnish (e.g., Olkakirves”)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Subtype 2.</strong> Lower hierarchy of subtype for some artefacts</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Subtype 2</strong> <strong>(Finnish).</strong> Lower hierarchy of subtype for some artefacts in Finnish</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Site context information</h4>
<p><strong>Settlement, cremation cemetery, inhumation cemetery, cairn, stray find, hoard, other context. </strong>For Iron Age artefacts, the main type of find context is also recorded: inhumation cemetery, cremation cemetery, cairn, settlement site, hoard, and stray find. This attribute gives a contextual information of the find circumstances, which is crucial for understanding many of the distributions of the Iron Age artefacts.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Settlement site.</strong> Artefacts found at a settlement site</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Cremation cemetery.</strong> Artefacts found at a cremation cemetery</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Inhumation cemetery.</strong> Artefacts found at an inhumation cemetery</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Cairn.</strong> Artefacts found at a cairn</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Stray find.</strong> Artefacts found as stray finds</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Hoard.</strong> Artefacts found as part of a hoard</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Other context. </strong>Other contexts in which artefacts were found</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Other information</h4>
<p><strong>Object attributes (certainty, integrity, measures, crust etc).</strong> Object attributes, such as integrity and measures, differ depending on the material. Certainty indicates the dataset compiler's subjective identification of the artefact type, with 1 meaning certain, 2 meaning probable, and 3 meaning possible. The integrity is indicated with a TRUE/FALSE statement in the relevant column. The intact and fragmented artefacts' dimensions are recorded in separate columns (length, width, thickness). For pottery, the main temper and other tempers are explained in two columns, currently in Finnish. If present, the decorative motifs on Iron Age pottery are recorded. However, the documentation of stone tool material is only available in Finnish and is based on a quick and superficial visual inspection, making it very subjective. Therefore, the recorded information on stone tools should only be considered suggestive. For Iron Age pottery, a separate “crust”-column was used to record the presence of food crusts in the surfaces of the pottery. In Stone and Bronze Age pottery this is written (in Finnish, “karsta”) in other notes -column.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Certainty.</strong> Subjective identification of artefact type (1: certain, 2: probable, 3: possible)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Integrity.</strong> Integrity of the artefact (TRUE/FALSE)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Length (mm).</strong> Length of the artefact in millimeter</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Width (mm).</strong> Width of the artefact in millimeters</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Thickness (mm).</strong> Thickness of the artefact in millimeters</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Fragment length (mm).</strong> Length of the fragment in millimeters</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Fragment width (mm).</strong> Width of the fragment in millimeters</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Fragment thickness (mm).</strong> Thickness of the fragment in millimeters</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Rock type (Finnish).</strong> Type of rock material, currently in Finnish (for stone tools).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Decoration.</strong> Presence of decoration on pottery (Iron Age pottery)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Main temper (Finnish).</strong> Main temper of pottery, currently in Finnish. Not to be taken as definite information</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Other tempers (Finnish).</strong> Other tempers of pottery, currently in Finnish. Not to be taken as definite information</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Decoration elements (Finnish).</strong> Decoration elements, currently in Finnish (Iron Age pottery)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Wave motif.</strong> Presence of wave motif decoration (Iron Age pottery)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Grid motif.</strong> Presence of grid motif decoration (Iron Age pottery)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Cord impression.</strong> Presence of cord impression decoration (Iron Age pottery)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Wall thickness 1 (mm).</strong> Wall thickness measurement 1 in millimeters (Iron Age pottery)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Wall thickness 2 (mm).</strong> Wall thickness measurement 2 in millimeters (Iron Age pottery)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Rim thickness 1 (mm).</strong> Rim thickness measurement 1 in millimeters (Iron Age pottery)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Rim thickness 2 (mm).</strong> Rim thickness measurement 2 in millimeters (Iron Age pottery)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Crust.</strong> Presence of food crusts on the pottery (Iron Age pottery)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Count (only pottery).</strong> The number of pottery sherds is recorded in three columns (count 1-10, count 10-100, and count >100 sherds) to indicate their relative amount.</p>
<p><strong>Other notes.</strong> This column has some additional information in Finnish. The texts are impressionistic observations, but we decided to keep them along. No translation in English is available; this column should not be used as definitive information.</p>
<p><strong>PhotoID.</strong> Each artefact has an individual name (ID) which also operates as the number within with the respective photo(s) is found in the photo folder. The photos are located in Supplement 2 (<a href="../records/11256533">https://zenodo.org/records/11256533</a>). The ID for each artefact was created with the following pattern (titles of columns of the AADA Database): “Collection” + ”Main number” + ”Subnumber” = “PhotoID”, eg. KM + 12345 + 5 = KM 12345_5. Thus the artefact can be found from the Supplement 2. AADA photo folder with the name KM 12345_5.jpg.</p>
<p>In several cases there are many photographs of the same artefact and then these are indicated with a,b,c etc., e.g., KM 12345_5b.jpg. Unfortunately, some of the extra photos are also named as149, 150a, 150b, 150c, 154, 210 ja 210a and so on. Most of the pottery data do not have photos of them because the material is highly fragmented and unique vessels were not separated.</p>
<p>The artefact photos are arranged according to their collection id:s organised in folders in Supplement 2.To merge the photos to the typological data, users need to download the photos to their computer and run the Python script available in Supplement 2, in the “AADA Photos Hyperlink folder”. The details about the script can be found in the Readme file of the same folder. Photo links can also be created to the Photo ID column of Excel tables.</p>
<p><strong>Notes</strong></p>
<p>Certain aspects still require attention, particularly the completion of the Iron Age artefacts. Approximately 45-50% of the Finnish Iron Age material needs to be added to the dataset (this estimate excludes the metal detector finds made during the past two decades). Additionally, the documentation of Stone Age stone tools is not entirely complete. There are plenty of local museums in Finland, and most of these have a few or a few dozen stone axes and chisels, which were not possible to record during the current project. Within the collections of the National Museum of Finland, recording of stone artefacts acquired in the 1910s and 1920s is unfinished, and the same, to some extent, applies also to the collections of Ålands Museum and Tampere Museum.</p>
<p><strong>Data collection notes</strong></p>
<p>Emphasizes southern Finland due to lockdowns during the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. Collections from museums
Evaluating Metro-Access Optical Networks as-a-Service for Flexible RAN X-haul
No full textThis article examines the feasibility of employing
converged core-metro-access optical networks to support Radio
Access Network (RAN) fronthaul and mid-haul transport under
realistic performance constraints. The analysis focuses on the
profile of the bit error rate (BER) and the latency evaluation
in the context of 5G functional splits. We used a commercially
available Nokia ICE-X 400G multi-carrier coherent transceiver,
leveraging its digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) capability:
Supporting DP-16QAM modulation at 4 GHz channel spacing
and 64 GBaud symbol rate per subcarrier. The study is carried
out on a representative metro-access topology, where all Radio
Unit (RU)- Distributed Unit (DU) - Central Unit (CU) paths
are evaluated against BER thresholds and latency bounds for
front-haul and mid-haul segments, respectively. The results reveal
critical trade-offs between optical reach, modulation format
robustness, and latency compliance and demonstrate how mid-
haul link distances and routing diversity significantly impact
overall transport feasibility for disaggregated RAN deployments.
This work emphasizes the potential of transparent optical metro-
access infrastructures to serve as an efficient and scalable
transport layer for 5G and beyond
Hibrit tavsiye sistemi
No full textIn the current era, the rapid pace of data volume is producing redundant information on the internet. Predicting the appropriate item for users has been a great challenge in information systems. As a result, recommender systems have emerged in this decade to resolve such problems. Many e-commerce platforms such as Amazon and Netflix are using some decent recommender systems to recommend their items to the users. Previously in the literature, multiple methods such as Matrix Factorization, Collaborative Filtering have been implemented for a long time, however in recent studies, neural networks have shown promising improvement in this area of research.
In this research, motivated by the performance of hybrid systems, we propose a hybrid system for recommendation purposes. In the proposed system, the users are divided into two main categories: Average users and Non-average users. Both of these categories contain the users having similar behaviors towards the items. Various machine learning and deep learning methods are implemented in both of these categories to achieve better results. Machine learning algorithms such as Decision Trees, Support Vector Regression, and Random Forest are applied to the average users. For the non-average users, multiple techniques such as Matrix Factorization, Collaborative Filtering, and Deep Learning methods are implemented. The performed approach achieves better results than the traditional methods presented in the literatureNo sponso
Toward Usable Formal Models for Safety and Performance Evaluation of ERTMS/ETCS Level 3; The PERFORMINGRAIL Project
No full textWithin modern railways, Moving Block (MB) signalling systems represent the most efficient approach to ensure train separation. MB is a central concept in ERTMS/ETCS L3 (European Railway Traffic Management System / European Train Control System Level 3), which is an European standard for interoperable railways. Compared to traditional fixed block signalling, MB allows for substantial capacity gains at reduced costs, while improving availability as the trackside equipment would be substantially reduced. A set of specifications for MB operation has been proposed in the framework of previous research, but additional activities need to be undertaken to define detailed specifications for a safe and performable implementation of ETCS L3. In this respect, railway safety standards recommend the use of formal modelling and verification techniques to guarantee behavioural correctness and to validate safety requirements. However, there are several challenges to be tackled to make formal methods usable in industry, due to modelling difficulties and scalability to complex systems and scenarios. The work reported in this paper has been developed within the EU-funded project named PERFORMINGRAIL. We present a methodology showing how high-level MB specifications expressed in SysML can be transformed into reusable parametric formal models in order to enable automated verification and performance evaluation of MB systems. We apply the methodology to selected ETCS L3 scenarios for illustrative purposes
