760 research outputs found
A critical analysis of Christian responses to Islamic claims about the work of the Prophet Muhammad, ‘the Messenger of God’.
No full textThe aims of this study are to analyse critically the different Christian responses to the Islamic understanding of the work of Muhammad. Chapter one consists a short introduction leading to an appraisal of Muhammad which incorporates historical, hagiographal and Quranic source material, and in the light of relevant Christian and Muslim scholarship. The second chapter presents a summary critical analysis of Muhammad in Christian theological perspective, from 661 A.D. to modern times. Chapter three presents a critique of Christian responses to the Muslim allegations that the text of the Bible has been infected with corruption; and that Muhammad's advent and status are foretold in the unadulterated' scriptures, and in the Gospel of Barnabas. Chapter four examines the theological significance of the work of Muhammad for Christians. Thus, Jesus and Muhammad are critically assessed and contrasted in order to ascertain the importance, for Christians, of the Muslim claims in respect of Muhammad as ’the messenger of God’. Chapter five provides a critical evaluation of the various Christian responses to Muhammad. It is argued that many of the said responses have been entangled in myths and misperceptions which have severely distorted the true account of Muhammad's work. Consequently, many Christians have failed to appreciate the divine legitimacy of Muhammad's call to prophethood. Further, it is argued that Christians should accept that Muhammad is a genuine prophet, and the messenger of God. However, Muhammad's use of the power-structure in order to maintain Islam is in sharp contrast to Jesus’ decision to face the consequences of his ministry passively through faith in God. Accordingly, orthodox Christian belief in the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus provides another dimension to prophethood, where the messenger and the message become one, an identification which finds no parallel in Islam, and which, in the nature of the case, cannot find a parallel
The lime: botany, production and uses/ edited by M. Mumtaz Khan, Rashid Al-Yahyai, and Fahad Al-Said
No full textIncludes bibliographical references and indexThis book is the most recent collection of research and scientific literature exclusively dedicated to lime (Rutaceae) culture and the marketplace. The coverage of each subject area is broad, ranging from basic cultivation practices to postharvest handling to uses, which makes it the best choice for amateurs and professionals alike. Chapter 1 emphasizes lime importance and global production, while chapter 2 covers its comprehensive systematic classification and distribution. In chapter 3, lime breeding, genetics and biodiversity are discussed; and in chapter 4, lime tree growth, development and reproductive physiology are elaborated. In chapter 5, propagation techniques, nursery production and certification are explained, while in chapter 6, schematic planning for lime orchard establishment is discussed. In chapter 7, crop water requirements, irrigation systems and fertigation are highlighted; and in chapter 8, cultural practices, e.g. tree pruning, thinning, weeding, planting density and intercropping, are covered. In chapter 9, precision agriculture in lime is elaborated; and in chapter 10, insect pests and diseases and their control measures are covered. In chapter 11, innovative production technologies, e.g. the use of plant growth regulators, remote sensing and organic production systems, are highlighted. In Chapter 12, harvesting and postharvest management of lime fruit are emphasized; and in chapter 13, the uses (folk to modern) and future dynamics are discussed in depth. With the latest information presented in simple language, this book will appeal to a range of principal users, e.g. educators, researchers, students, agriculture extension workers, farming communities, industry personnel and professionals/practitionersIntroduction and Overview of Lime / M. Mumtaz Khan, Rashid Al-Yahyai and Fahad Al-Said -- Systematic Classification, Distribution and Botany / Chandrika Ramadugu, Muhammad F. Razi, Manjunath L. Keremane, Rainer W. Scora and Mikeal L. Roose -- Advances in Lime Breeding and Genetics / Muhammad Amjad Ali and Muhammad Azher Nawaz -- Growth, Development and Reproductive Physiology of the Mexican Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Christm (Swingle)) / G. Almaguer-Vargas, S.R. Mr̀quez-Berber, V. Gonzl̀ez-Hernǹdez, N. Cruz-Huerta and I. Ramr̕ez-Ramr̕ez -- Propagation and Nursery Certification / Muhammad Azher Nawaz, Yong-Zhong Liu, M. Mumtaz Khan and Waqar Ahmed -- Planning and Orchard Establishment / Muhammad Usman and M. Mumtaz Khan -- Irrigation and Fertilization Management in Lime Trees / Francisco Garca̕-Sǹchez, Silvia Simn̤-Grao, Vicente Gimeno, Juan Jos ̌Martn̕ez-Nicols̀ and A.K. Srivastava -- Cultural Practices / Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira, Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomô and Cšar Fernandes Aquino -- Precision Agriculture in Lime: Potential for Application of Precision Agriculture Technologies in Lime Cropping Systems / Aitazaz A. Farooque, Qamar U. Zaman, Arnold W. Schumann and Travis J. Esau -- Plant Protection: Lime Diseases and Insect Pests / A.M. Al-Sadi, Renan B. Queiroz, Philip Donkersley, A. Nasehi and Simon L. Elliot -- Innovative Production Technologies / Muhammad Fakhar-ud-Din Razi, Rhonda Janke, Muhammad Mumtaz Khan and Um-e-Ammara -- Harvesting and Post-harvest Management / Ahmad Sattar Khan and Zora Singh -- Traditional/Commercial Uses and Future Dynamics / M. Asif Hanif, Smitha Padmanabhan, Mostafa Waly and Ahmed Al-Maskari1 online resource
Spectacles of Dispossession: Representations of Indian Muslims in British Colonial Discourse, 1857-1905
No full textPhDThis thesis analyses some of the changing features by which Indian Muslims were
identified in British colonialist discourse between the outbreak of revolt in 1857 and
the partition of Bengal in 1905. Most of the texts examined emanate out of the
relatively circumscribed Anglo-Indian official community, and range from personal
correspondence, to 'Mutiny' memoirs, travel guides, and socio-political essays. The
argument takes as its starting point David Washbrook's description of the selfconstitution
of the Raj as a centralised, secular and neutral state arbitrating the claims
of competing ascriptive racial and ethnic communities. Drawing on recent Lacanian
analyses of the formation and maintenance of ideologies, as well as on the
sociological schema of Zygmant Bauman, the thesis argues that in the post-1857
period the preservation of this official identity became dangerously reliant on a
discourse of power centred on representations of Indian Muslims. Chapter One reads
the stereotype of the Indian Muslim in 1905 for its most salient features - debased
foreign origins, religious incontinence, isolation within Indian society, and secret
ambitions towards temporal power. It then traces them back to their first marked
appearance in colonial discourse in 1857. Chapter Two begins with a reassessment of
the historiography with regard to Muslim 'conspiracy' during the revolt, as well as a
reconsideration of official praxis towards Indian Muslims in the half-century before
its outbreak. Proceeding to a detailed analysis of' Mutiny' texts, it concludes that the
unprecedented, widespread British misperception of 'conspiracy' stemmed in part
from an irrational colonialist attempt to re-possess their own fractured secular
ideology through tropes of Christian persecution. Chapter Three compares the highly
ambivalent post-'Mutiny' representations of Indo-Muslim 'fanaticism' that resulted
with a secularised late eighteenth-century discourse on Mughal figures of authority. It
argues that the strikingly similar discourses of alienation and lack of self-command
structuring both forms of representation derived from crises in the colonialist inability
to command their own self-presentation as rulers within the Indian environment. In
the later discourse, in particular, these instabilities issued in a disastrous process of
representational stigmatisation and segregation
SARAY'S SILVER DANGS OF JUCHID KHAN OF 15-th CENTURY WITH NAME MUHAMMAD
No full textProgress has been achieved in recent decades in the study of the coins of the Golden Horde
at the final stage of its existence. However, the late emissions of Juchid coin of 15-th century are
still insufficiently studied. This prevents the full use of numismatic sources for the adequate
reconstruction of political events of that turbulent time.
The paper is aimed at the publication and preliminary analysis of the main types of Saray’s
silver dangs of Juchid khan of 15-th century with name Muhammad.
These issues are very poorly represented in scientific articles: of nine types analyzed in the
paper only one was properly published with graphic reconstruction of dies.
For the first time dangs, which are the subject of this article, were mentioned (without
graphic reconstructions) in the famous work of Hh.M. Frähn “Recensio numorum
Muhammedanorum”, published in 1826. In A.K. Markov’s “Inventory Catalog of Muslim Coins of
the Imperial Hermitage” (1896) there is no mention of the Saray’s dangs of either Ulugh-
Muhammad or Muhammad b. Timur. In 2004 V.P.Lebedev and V.B. Klokov had information
about 8 coins, which are the subject of this article, and attributed these dangs to the issues of
Ulugh-Muhammad.
Enlarged photographic images of silver coins with metrology (most of which are first
introduced into scientific circulation) of Juchid khan of 15-th century with name Muhammad are
presented in the article.
Nine types of late Juchid silver dangs with the name and titles of khan Muhammad on the
obverse and the designation of mint on the reverse as Saray, Saray al-Jadida, Saray al-Mahrusa are
published. Reconstruction and translation of monetary legends, as well as preliminary analysis of
emissions, are given.
The place of issue on the coins is indicated as a Saray (without the epithet or with al-Jadida
or al-Mahrusa). But this fact alone does not allow to state with complete confidence that these
dangs were minted there. With regard to the silver emissions of the XIV century, it is proved that
the coins in some cases weren’t minted where it is written on their reverses. A similar situation
could have take place in the XV century. According to the information reported to the author, the
coins published in the paper were unearthed on vast spaces that once were the territory of the
Golden Horde – from Moldova to Siberia without any apparent concentration in one region, which
may not be surprising paying attention to the rarity of the coins. At the present level of our
knowledge, the place of minting of these coins can not be reliably established.
It can be affirmed that most of the silver dangs, that are the subject of this paper, have a
weight in the range from 0.66 to 0.96 g.
None of the published coins carries the date, which creates the problem of dating these
issues. Taking into account all facts, the author thinks that it is possible to date most of the
reproduced dangs as 822-the mid of 830-s AH.
Who was that Muhammad-khan, on whose behalf the published coins were issued?
Historiography was dominated until recently by the viewpoint formulated by V.P. Lebedev and
V.P. Klokov, that in the case of different Muhammads an understanding was already reached on
the issue how they called themselves on coins: Ulugh-Muhammad – simply Muhammad, Boraq –
Muhammad-Boraq, Küchük-Muhammad – Muhammad b. Timur. It was established on the
numismatic material by Yuriy Zayonchkovskiy that on dangs of Küchük-Muhammad his name
can be written as Muhammad b. Timur or simply as Muhammad. Thus, the absence of nasab on a
coin is not a sufficient basis for classifying a coin for Ulugh-Mukhammad. In view of what has
been said, it can be stated that published dangs can’t be automatically attributed to Ulugh-
Mukhamad’s emissions.
The proposed article is an important step to make attribution of published coins more precise.
The author hopes that a full introduction of these interesting dangs into the scientific study can
activate the discovery and research of relevant numismatic sources, will allow to find the missing
answers and, if necessary, to specify (and possibly correct) the theses presented in the paper
A NEW NON-JOCHI NAME ON LATE JOCHI COINS: DANGS OF KHAN SAID-AHMAD II WITH THE MINT NAME HAYDAR-BAZARI
No full textSummary
The group of dangs of Khan Said-Ahmad II of Haydar-Bazari as mint place is investigated. Photographs of some of the coins of this issue were previously published but, according to the authors, with an incorrect interpretation of the reverse legends. The die chain (4 obverse dies, 7 reverse dies, 10 die pairs) has been reconstructed and another reading of the coin legends has been proposed. The mint place of this group is designated as Haydar-bek-bazar, Haydarbazar or, Haydar-bazari. The authors believe that the bazaar indicated on the reverse was personified by the name of the Khongirat
Haydar-bek who was first the “right hand” and son-in-law of Khan Ulu-Muhammad, then betrayed him, rebelled and put Khan Said-Ahmad II on the throne. Khongirat Haydar was the Beylerbey of Khan Said-Ahmad from 1433 to 1441, until his death. The investigated dangs can be dated by this period of time; they were struck at the mint at the nomad horde of Khongirat Haydar-bek. Coins with the name of the Beylerbey Haydar’s horde may have been a demonstration and propaganda of his high status in the state
Socio-Political Situation on the Day of the Absolutization of the Russian Empire by Khan Xiva
No full textThis article provides information about the social, economic and political life of the Khiva Khanate on the eve of the Russian Empire's colonization. It also discusses the structure and condition of the khanate's army, as well as the policy pursued by Khiva Khan Said Muhammad Rakhimkhan II on the eve of colonization
Writing from the shadowlands: how cross-cultural literature negotiates the legacy of Edward Said
No full textThis thesis examines the impact of Edward Said's influential work Orientalism and its legacy in respect of contemporary reading and writing across cultures. It also questions the legitimacy of Said's retrospective stereotyping of early examples of cross-cultural representation in literature as uncompromisingly 'orientalist'.
It is well known that the release of Edward Said's Orientalism in 1978 was responsible for the rise of a range of cultural and critical theories from multiculturalism to postcolonialism. It was a study that not only polarized critics and forced scholars to re-examine orientalist archives, but persuaded creative writers to re-think their ethnographic positions when it came to the literary representations of cultures other than their own. Without detracting from the enormous impact of Said, this thesis isolates gaps and silences in Said that need correcting. Furthermore, there is an element of intransigence, an uncompromising refusal to fine-tune what is essentially a binary discourse of the West and its other in Said's work, that encourages the continued interrogation of power relations but which, because of its very boldness, paradoxically disallows the extent to which the conflict of cultures indeed produced new, hybrid social and cultural formations.
In an attempt to challenge the severity of Said's claim that 'every European, in what he could say about the Orient, was consequently a racist, an imperialist, and almost totally ethnocentric', the thesis examines a number of different discursive contexts in which such a presumption is challenged. Thus while the second chapter discusses the 'traditional' profession-based orientalism of nineteenth-century E. G. Browne, the third considers the anti-imperialism of colonial administrator Leonard Woolf. The fourth chapter provides a reflection on the difficulties of diasporic 'orientalism' through the works of Michael Ondaatje while chapter five demonstrates the effects of the dialogism used by Amitav Ghosh as a defence against 'orientalism'. The thesis concludes with an examination of contemporary writing by Andrea Levy that appositely illustrates the legacy of Said's influence.
While the restrictive parameters of Said's work make it difficult to mount a thorough-going critique of Said, this thesis shows that, indeed, it is within the restraints of these parameters and in the very discourse that Said employs that he traps himself. This study claims that even Said is susceptible to 'orientalist' criticism in that he is as much an 'orientalist' as those at whom he directs his polemic
Istihsan (juristic preference) : the forgotten principle of Islamic law
No full textEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
اعجاز رحمانی کی نعتیہ شاعری میں نقوشِ سیرت النبی ﷺ
No full textThe Biographical impression of Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) in the naatya poetry of Eijaz Rehmani By Muhammad Zahid Iqbal Khan Afridi, Research Scholar, Department of Urdu, University of Karachi Professor. Doctor. Tanzim-ul-Firdos, Professor. Of Urdu, University of Karachi.
Naat is not any traditional poetry but it is something that have a particular quality and inclination.
To articulate the fundamental characteristics and practices of the beloved of Allah Pak, Hazrat Muhammad (ﷺ) is the real miracle, rather it is better to say that Naat cannot be said, but Allah Pak makes us says.
There are many poets in the world of Naat who have made their different standings by their maners, style and their allusions.
Among the poets migrated to Pakistan from Undivided Sub continent INDIA the prominent name of Natiya Poet is the name of Eijaz Rehmani (1936 to 2019).
He was such a name who kept his poetry life in embrace of Naat happily till the end of his life.
Versified biography is his specialization in Naat poetry. In his Naat, he amusingly conveyed the memoir of Hazrat Muhammad (ﷺ) which is not seen anywhere else
Exposition : Hassan Khan, "Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said" — MMK, Francfort (Allemagne), 30/01-12/04/2015
No full textWithin the framework of the “Frankfurter Positionen”, the MMK Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt am Main is presenting the first institutional solo exhibition of Hassan Khan (b. 1975) to take place in Germany. The artist, musician and writer lives and works in Cairo, Egypt. Hassan Khan has named his exhibition after a novel published in 1974 by the American science-fiction author Philip K. Dick. Set in a futuristic America, the story is about a world-famous television star who, after an attem..
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