313 research outputs found
Impact of PCV10 on nasopharyngeal carriage in children in Pakistan
No full textThis data set is from the study "Direct and indirect effect of 10 valent pneumococcal vaccines on the nasopharyngeal carriage in children under 2 years of age in Matiari, Pakistan" published in the journal Vaccine which can be accessed from Nisar MI, Ahmed S, Jehan F, Shahid S, Shakoor S, Kabir F, Hotwani A, Munir S, Muhammad S, Khalid F, Althouse B, Hu H, Whitney C, Rodgers G, Klugman K, Ali A, Zaidi AKM, Omer SB, Iqbal N. Direct and indirect effect of 10 valent pneumococcal vaccines on the nasopharyngeal carriage in children under 2 years of age in Matiari, Pakistan. Vaccine. 2021 Jan 6:S0264-410X(20)31662-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.066. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33422379. Data was collected for a time-series cross-sectional study exploring the impact of 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV10) on nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage in children under 2 years of age from a rural population in Sindh, Pakistan. The study was carried out in two union councils of Matiari - Khyber and Shah Alam Shah Jee Wasi (Latitude 25.680298 / Longitude 68.502711). Data was collected on socio-demographics, clinical characteristics, and vaccination status using an android phone-based application. NP samples were collected using standard World Health Organisation (WHO) techniques, culture and serotyping were done using sequential Multiplex PCR described by the Centre for Disease Control, USA. We looked at the carriage rate of vaccine-type (VT) and non-vaccine type (NVT) serotypes over time in vaccinated and unvaccinated children. We additionally looked at the predictors for pneumococcal carriage. The study showed a high overall pneumococcal carriage in a large sample of 3140 children enrolled from a rural setting in Pakistan over a period of four years. Vaccine type carriage decreased both in the vaccinated and unvaccinated population indicating herd immunity
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Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis
No full textBilal Aslam,1 Wei Wang,2 Muhammad Imran Arshad,3 Mohsin Khurshid,1,4 Saima Muzammil,1 Muhammad Hidayat Rasool,1 Muhammad Atif Nisar,1 Ruman Farooq Alvi,1 Muhammad Aamir Aslam,2 Muhammad Usman Qamar,1 Muhammad Khalid Farooq Salamat,5 Zulqarnain Baloch6 1Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China; 3Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 4College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 5Neurobiology Division, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; 6College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China Abstract: The advent of multidrug resistance among pathogenic bacteria is imperiling the worth of antibiotics, which have previously transformed medical sciences. The crisis of antimicrobial resistance has been ascribed to the misuse of these agents and due to unavailability of newer drugs attributable to exigent regulatory requirements and reduced financial inducements. Comprehensive efforts are needed to minimize the pace of resistance by studying emergent microorganisms, resistance mechanisms, and antimicrobial agents. Multidisciplinary approaches are required across health care settings as well as environment and agriculture sectors. Progressive alternate approaches including probiotics, antibodies, and vaccines have shown promising results in trials that suggest the role of these alternatives as preventive or adjunct therapies in future. Keywords: antibiotics, multidrug resistance, evolution, alternative therapie
Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) on nasopharyngeal carriage in children 2 years of age: Data from a four-year time series cross-sectional study from Pakistan
No full textThe dataset described in this paper was collected for a time-series cross-sectional study exploring the impact of 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV10) on nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage in children under 2 years of age from a rural population in Sindh, Pakistan. The study was carried out in two union councils of Matiari - Khyber and Shah Alam Shah Jee Wasi (Latitude 25.680298 / Longitude 68.502711). Data was collected on socio-demographics, clinical characteristics and vaccination status using android phone-based application. NP samples were collected using standard World Health Organisation (WHO) techniques, culture and serotyping was done using sequential Multiplex PCR described by Centre for Disease Control, USA. We looked at the carriage rate of vaccine type (VT) and non-vaccine type (NVT) serotypes over time in vaccinated and unvaccinated children. We additionally looked at the predictors for pneumococcal carriage. The uploaded dataset, available on Mendeley data repository (Nisar, Muhammad Imran (2021), Impact of PCV10 on nasopharyngeal carriage in children in Pakistan , Mendeley Data, V1, doi:10.17632/t79h6g97gr.1), has 3140 observations in CSV format. Additional files uploaded include a data dictionary and the set of questionnaires. The dataset and accompanying files can be used by other interested researchers to replicate our analysis, carry similar analysis under varying set of assumptions or perform additional exploratory or metanalysis
Price expectations of sheep and goats by producers and intermediaries in Quetta market, Pakistan
No full textAnalysis of producers' and intermediaries' livestock price expectations was used to describe the market in Quetta, the largest livestock market in the highlands of Balochistan Province, Pakistan, and to identify factors that determine price expectations of small ruminants. A total of 4800 expected prices for sheep and goats were collected from producers and market intermediaries at monthly intervals between January 1991 and December 1992. In addition to the expected price of the animal, liveweight, species, sex, breed, body condition (fatness), calendar day and month were recorded, and whether data were collected on a meat or meatless day. Monthly rainfall data were also collected. Models of goat and sheep price expectations were built to compare the similarity of the behaviour of producers and intermediaries
Exploring the Learning Styles of Postgraduates in a Public-Sector University at Karachi
No full textIntroduction: Learning styles is a term used to refer to the methods of gathering, processing, interpreting, organizing and thinking about information. Knowledge of the learning styles can be helpful in making teaching and learning process more efficient. Little is mentioned in medical education literature in Pakistan about the learning styles knowledge in deciphering the teaching and learning process.
Objective: To identify the distribution of the learning styles among the postgraduate students and to find ways to improve the way the courses, the practical hours and training are performed.
Methodology: The current study analyses the learning styles of post graduate students of Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi to guide facilitator as well as students in organizing their teaching sessions more efficiently and maximize the utility of educational resources with subsequent improvement in educational process. During Jan 2016 to Dec 2016, this cross-sectional study using Kolb’s learning inventory as the instrument to find out the learning styles was conducted among post-graduates’ students of a public-sector university by using English language versions of Learning Style Inventory (LSI)of 216 post-graduates ‘students.
Results: According to observation and data analysis by Kolb’s learning Styles Inventory most of the postgraduates had their learning style reflector (Diverger). However, some were Theorist (Assimilators) and then very few were Activist (Accommodator) and Pragmatist (Converser) respectively.
Conclusions: Differences in the learning styles and learning approaches have important implications in development of effective medical curricula in post graduate medical education.
Key words: Learning style, Postgraduate students, medical educatio
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Correction to: Music of metagenomics—a review of its applications, analysis pipeline, and associated tools (Functional & Integrative Genomics, (2022), 22, 1, (3-26), 10.1007/s10142-021-00810-y)
No full textThe co-author Imran Wajid would like to update his second affiliation address to “School of Social Sciences, Istanbul Commerce University, Istanbul, Turkey”. The original article has been corrected
Direct and indirect effect of 10 valent pneumococcal vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage in children under two years of age in a rural population in Matiari, Pakistan
No full textPneumococcus is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide in both children and adults. It is a leading cause of pneumonia, of which there were 7·1 million episodes in Pakistan in 2015, leading to around 64,000 deaths in children under five years. Pakistan was one of the first countries in South Asia to introduce the ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in its Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in October 2012 as a 3+0 schedule without catchup immunisation. The introduction of conjugate vaccines in a country’s immunisation program has been shown to decrease the burden of pneumococcal disease in the group targeted for vaccination, i.e., children under five years of age and older children and adults. This is mediated by the effect of vaccines in decreasing the carriage of pneumococcus in the nasopharynx of healthy individuals, thereby reducing community transmission. In this study, we investigated changes in the pneumococcal carriage and serotype distribution in children 0-2 years of age in a rural population of Matiari, Pakistan, in the years following the introduction of PCV10. We compared these yearly rates with a carriage survey done in the same population in Jan/Feb 2013 after adjusting for differences in age distribution. We explored socio-demographic and clinical characteristics predicting overall and vaccine type (VT) carriage and described antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for the carried serotypes. Between 2014 to 2018, 3140 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from children less than two years of age residing in district Matiari of the Sindh province. For isolation of pneumococcal colonies, we performed culture on sheep blood agar At the Infectious Disease Research Laboratory (IDRL), Aga Khan University. Multiplex PCR was performed to determine individual serotypes using standardised CDC methods. Vaccine type (VT) carriage was defined as the cumulative frequency of all PCV10 specific serotypes divided by the number of nasopharyngeal swabs collected. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for nine common antimicrobials using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. A modified Halloran model was used to estimate the population-level effects of the vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage and compare VT carriage rates among various population compartments according to their vaccination status. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to determine the risk factors associated with VT carriage. Overall pneumococcal carriage declined from 80.8% (95% CI 77.8, 83.5) in study year 1 to 72.8% (95% CI 69.6, 75.9) in study year 4. Vaccine type carriage decreased from 16.1% (95% CI 13.6, 18.9) in 2014/15 to 9.6% in 2017/1895% CI 7.7, 11.9) in our study sample and from 19.9% (95% CI 16.8, 23.3) to 13.2% among isolates. In the 4-11 months age group VT carriage decreased from 26.7% (95% CI 21.0, 33.0) in the pre-PCV period (2013) to 9.6% (95% CI 7.1, 12.6) in 2017/18. Verbal or card verified vaccine coverage for 3 doses of PCV10 increased from 41·0% (95% CI 37.5, 44.6) in 2014/15 to 68·4% (95% CI 65.1, 71.6) in 2017/18. From 2014/15 to 2017/8, a decline was observed in serotypes 6B, 9V/9A,19F, 23F and 6A. However, the reduction was statistically significant for only 9V/9A 2.9% (95% CI, 1.8,4.3) in 2014/15 to 0.6 (95% CI 0.2,1.4) in 2017/18. When restricting to age group 4-11 months and comparing with the prevaccine introduction carriage survey from 2013, the decline was statistically significant for only 23F, i.e., 10.2% (95%CI 6.6,14.9) in 2013 to 3.3% (95%CI 1.9,5.3) in 2017/18. VT carriage in those who did not receive any dose of PCV10 declined from 17.4% (95%CI 13.1,22.5) in 2014/15 to 10.4% (95%CI 4.6,19.4) in 2017/18. The direct effect varied from year to year, and the pooled estimate for the study duration was 32.8% (95%CI 14.7,47.0) when comparing those who received zero doses versus those who received three doses. Pooled estimates for indirect, and total effect were 46.5% (95%CI 39.7,53.2) and 54.9% (95% CI 52.5,57.3) respectively. In the multivariable analysis, factors associated with VT carriage included primary wage earner’s education, 1-5 years (OR 0.7, 95%CI 0.5,0.9 when compared to no education), history of cough in the past two weeks (OR 1.3 95% CI 1.0 – 1.7) and having received three doses of PCV10 (OR 0.6 95% CI 0.4 – 0.8). In the multivariable analysis for factors associated with the overall carriage, primary caretaker education 6-10 years (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4 – 0.9 when compared to no education), history of outpatient visits in last one months (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 – 0.9 for one visit and OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5 – 0.8 for two visits), history of runny nose in last two weeks (OR 1.6, 95% CI .3 – 2.0), year of enrollment (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 – 0.9 for 2015/16, OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 – 1.0 for 2016/17 and OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.5 – 0.8 for 2017/18 when compared to 2014/15) and average monthly temperature (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.9 – 1.0) were found to be significantly associated. A high degree of non-susceptibility was observed for cotrimoxazole over the study period (88.4%), while non-susceptibility for erythromycin increased from 20% to 30.8%, which could be accounted for by the increase in serotype 19A. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. In conclusion, the introduction of PCV10 into the EPI has resulted in significant declines in VT carriage among both vaccinated and unvaccinated children in Matiari, thus demonstrating herd protection. Prevalence for PCV13 specific serotype 19A has increased over time with a concomitant increase in resistance to erythromycin. This study shows the effect of PCV10 in decreasing VT carriage rate in a post-introduction era and forms the baseline for further evaluating the recently introduced PCV13 in Pakistan’s EPI
Stress and performance: Investigating relationship between occupational stress, career satisfaction, and job performance of police employees
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