31 research outputs found
Determinants of Urban Poverty: The Case of Medium Sized City in Pakistan
Get PDFUrban poverty, which is distinct from rural poverty due to demographic, economic and political aspects remain hitherto unexplored, at the city level in Pakistan. We have examined the determinants of urban poverty in Sargodha, a medium-size city of Pakistan. The analysis is based on the survey of 330 households. Results suggest that employment in public sector, investment in human capital and access to public amenities reduce poverty while employment in informal sector, greater household size and female dominated households increase poverty. We recommend greater investment in human capital and public amenities as a strategy for poverty alleviation.Urban Poverty, Pakistan
Determinants of Urban Poverty : The Case of Medium Sized City in Pakistan
Get PDFUrban poverty, which is distinct from rural poverty due to demographic, economic and political aspects remain hitherto unexplored, at the city level in Pakistan. We have examined the determinants of urban poverty in Sargodha, a medium-size city of Pakistan. The analysis is based on the survey of 330 households. Results suggest that employment in public sector, investment in human capital and access to public amenities reduce poverty while employment in informal sector, greater household size and female dominated households increase poverty. We recommend greater investment in human capital and public amenities as a strategy for poverty alleviation.Urban Poverty, Pakistan
Empathy and Role Modeling. is IT Missing?
Get PDFLet me start by congratulating the dedicated team of Pakistan Journal of Surgery and Medicine (PJSM) whose untiring effort brought this journal of International standard. I have the honor to be part of this professional and enthusiastic galaxy of highly intellectual writers. Insha'Allah you will witness the glory of this journal very soon
Intoxication and self-defence : a comparative study of principles of English law and Shari'ah
Get PDFThe study is based upon an analysis of the general principles of criminal liability in English law and Shari 'ah. It is hoped that it may provide a valid basis for discussion of the future development of criminal law.
The relationship between law and society is an organic one and this relationship in Shari'ah is based on revelatory text of precepts, law, and admonitions. Shari'ah is an
essential part of faith of every Muslim; a sound knowledge of its principles not only gives him a sense of inner fulfilment but enables him to order his life according to the dictates of his religion. On the other hand, in English law, religious beliefs and private morality might be viewed as not a matter for law. Religion is in that context generally conceived as a spiritual sphere of supra-human connotation distinct from law, which is basically a secular concern.
Both the systems of law under consideration are different in their sources and nature. English law, being a positive law, finds its source in legislation and other recognised
sources. Shari 'ah is a divine ordinance imposed upon people without having a freedom of choice and it has its roots in its primary sources, the Holy Qur'an, and the Sunnah.
However, the revelatory nature of Shari'ah does not render it entirely inflexible and immutable. The finality of authoritative legal texts is confined only to a limited number of injunctions in the primary sources. The secondary sources provide flexibility to meet the changing requirements of society. A legal system should strike a fair balance between flexibility and inflexibility of legal rules. A very flexible system of law may lead to inconsistencies, illogicalities and at the same time may be subject to abuse by judges while a rigid system, which leaves no room for judicial discretion is likely to
lead to injustice in certain cases. It is submitted that the very flexible nature of English law has left it full of inconsistencies and illogicalities, despite the appropriate use of judicial discretion.
The research offers a general view of modern thinking about the theoretical foundations and methodology of Shari'ah Shari 'ah recognises a variety of sources and methods from which a rule of law might be derived. Part-I of the thesis discusses the evolving principles of Islamic jurisprudence from their rudimentary sources. The specific relationship between socio-religious reality and the production of theoretical legal discourse is illustrated in Part-11 and III while dealing with the problem of intoxication
and private defence in society. It suggests that Shari'ah provides a framework in which the complex and sometimes competing needs of an individual and society can be fairly
apportioned.
The research will demonstrate that there is a well developed system of criminal law in Shari'ah that can be compared with the most developed and civilised criminal law of the contemporary world, for example, English criminal law. In order to compare the compatibility of both the legal systems, the approaches of both towards the problems of intoxication and self-defence have been taken as a parameter. Though Shari 'ah provisions seem to be predominantly prescriptive as compared to English criminal law, the comparison will show that it can provide practical solutions to problems faced by human society of any age. Shari 'ah being a revealed law is proactive in its nature. It takes action to cause changes and not only react to a change when it happens. This particular feature can be felt while dealing with the problem of intoxication. English
criminal law, on the other hand, being a positive law bears the characteristics of a reactive law. It reacts to events or changes rather than acting first to cause change or
prevent something. Another major difference between the two legal systems might be that English criminal law has passed through many evolutionary phases and reached at the present stage through the efforts of the political power and the state; whereas, Muslim states and governments throughout the centuries neither had a hand in the development of Islamic jurisprudence nor in the training and certification of jurists or jurisconsults whose task it was to formulate the law.
History suggests that using the combined forces of religion, morality and law Shari'ah has effectively eradicated social evils and created a peaceful environment for human coexistence, where every one can enjoy his rights without a fear of infringement by the others. In cases of infringement of such rights, the offender shall be liable to severe punishments. The principles of criminal liability are on a par with the corresponding principles of the English criminal law. While protecting the rights of the victim of the crime, Shari'ah does not ignore the rights of the offender for fair trail, impartial justice and liability for punishment proportional to the offence committed by him. At the same time it recognises excuse and justification defences under appropriate circumstances, as
it will be evident while comparing the defences of intoxication and self-defence with the same in English criminal law.
The study reveals that there are similarities and differences between English law and Shari'ah when considering the issue of crime and criminal liability. However, this may be considered as normal phenomenon of comparing any two different legal systems. The differences can be attributed to their sources, origin, history and nature of the social values to be protected. Similarities can be ascribed to zeal for social justice and stability.
The study of differences and similarities will provide an opportunity to illuminate our understanding of law and the process of its development. As both the systems have their
own methodology to tackle legal issues, a different approach to the similar problem will provide a fresh insight leading to revitalised solutions. It will also be helpful to understand the methodology and the legal reasoning of both the systems leading towards a better understanding of law in general and at the same time providing efficient means for improvement
Trends in Inequality, Welfare, and Growth in Pakistan, 1963-64 to 2004-05
Get PDFThe present study investigates the trends in inequality, welfare, and growth based on per capita household income/consumption in Pakistan, both its rural and urban areas, from 1963-64 to 2004-05. It employs Gini coefficient to measure inequalities and the Sen welfare index to estimate welfare. Real per capita mean incomes/consumption are worked out to analyse growth. The study finds fluctuating trends in inequality, and rising trends in both welfare and growth. In general, inequality, welfare, and growth remain higher in the urban areas. The study finds income inequality to be more severe as compared to consumption inequality.Income Distribution, welfare, Per Capita Income, Gini Coefficient, Pakistan
Laparoscopic Appendicectomy: Comparison of Monopolar Cautery and Harmonic Scalpel in Ligation of Mesoappendix
Get PDFBackground: To compare monopolar diathermy with harmonic scalpel in the ligation of mesoappendix while doing laparoscopic appendicectomy in terms of mean operative time and per-operative bleed.Methods: In this randomized controlled trial patients between 15 to 50 years who were planned for laparoscopic appendicectomy were included. Patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 was operated using monopolar diathermy and in Group 2 harmonic scalpel was used for dissection of mesoappendix. Total time required to cauterize the mesoappendix using the monopolar diathermy or harmonic scalpel was measured in minutes. Per operative bleed was visualized at the time of cauterizing the mesoappendix and was estimated by the gauzes used for mopping when the field became obscure. Gauzez were placed on physical balance and weighed.Results: Out of 60 patients enrolled for the study, 30 were put in group 1 and 30 in group 2. Comparison of mean operative time in both groups was calculated as 17.7+3.35 in Group-1 and 17.6+3.28 in Group-2, p value was calculated as 0.90 showing insignificant difference. Comparison of mean blood loss in both groups was calculated as 3.40+2.45 in Group-1 and 3.30+2.37 in Group-2, p value was calculated as 0.87, showing insignificant difference.Conclusion: Monopolar cautery is equally effective in ligation of mesoappendix as compared to harmonic scalpel while performing laparoscopic appendicectomy
Eccentricity-Based Topological Invariants of Some Chemical Graphs
No full textTopological index is an invariant of molecular graphs which correlates the structure with different physical and chemical invariants of the compound like boiling point, chemical reactivity, stability, Kovat’s constant etc. Eccentricity-based topological indices, like eccentric connectivity index, connective eccentric index, first Zagreb eccentricity index, and second Zagreb eccentricity index were analyzed and computed for families of Dutch windmill graphs and circulant graphs
Surgical Audit of Emergency Ileostomies
No full textBackground: To evaluate the causes and managementof emergency ileostomiesMethods: In this prospective descriptive study allpatients requiring emergency ileostomy were included.Initially patients were resuscitated by administeringintravenous fluids and electrolyte replacement. Allpatients were operated in emergency under generalanesthesia. The preoperative indication of ileostomy wasnoted in all patients. Emergency Laparotomies whereprimary repair was performed were excluded from thestudy.Results: Indications for emergency ileostomy creationwere the conditions requiring small bowel or proximalcolon resection, in which the integrity of a primaryanastomosis would be compromised. This was due to adiffuse bowel injury (long-standing peritonitis orobstruction, radiation, Crohn's disease) creating friabletissues that could not hold a suture. Mean age of thepatients was 36+12.59 years with a range of 12-61 years.Most common indication for ileostomy was typhoidintestinal perforation followed by tuberculosis ofintestine. Skin excoriation was the most frequentcomplication noted in ileostomy patients.Conclusion: Infective disease is the most commonindication for emergency ileostom
Open Versus Laparoscopic Appendectomy for Perforated Appendicitis: A Randomized Prospective Study
No full textObjective: To compare the mean hospital stay, mean operative time and frequency of port site infections in patients with early-perforated appendix managed laparoscopically versus open approach.
Study type, settings & duration: The randomized control trial was conducted at surgical unit-2, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from May 2015 to April 2016.
Methodology: All patients diagnosed on CT as perforated appendix presenting to emergency department were included and randomized by lottery method to open and laparoscopic appendectomy group. Open approach was by lower midline laparotomy. Abdomen was closed however skin was left open. Laparoscopic appendectomy was done by creating pnuemo-peritoneum by 3-port technique. Appendectomy and peritoneal lavage with normal saline was done in both groups. Appendix was retrieved through an endobag in laparoscopic group.
Results: Of the total 130 patients, Mean operative time was 46.98±2.99 minutes in laparoscopic surgery and 53.02±2.88 minutes in open surgery group with p value of 0.0001(showing a statistically significant difference), length of hospital stay was 4.38±1.09 day in laparoscopic surgery and 4.18±0.77 days in open surgery group (p value = 0.23, showing insignificant difference).Surgical site infection (port site infection and laparotomy access wound) was seven (10.77%) in Laparoscopic group and eighteen (27.69%) in open surgery group (p value = 0.01, showing significant difference)
Conclusion: Frequency of surgical site infection, mean hospital stay and mean operative time in the patients with perforated appendix managed laparoscopically are significantly lower when compared with open approach. However mean hospital stay in both groups was same showing non significant differenc
Paradigm shift in medical education due to the COVID-19 pandemic: guidelines for developing a blended learning curriculum in medical education
Get PDFBackground: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has transformed the world’s economy, health and education in a blink of an eye. Almost 1 billion learners have been affected across the globe. This has resulted in a paradigm shift to blended learning. Therefore, it was felt necessary to provide practical guidelines for the development of blended curriculum in medical education. It would help to overcome the challenges faced due to unprecedented transformation of medical education on account of pandemic. Methods: Guidelines based on personal experience of the authors and literature search were developed using the complex adapted blended learning system (CALBS) framework. Seven experts developed these guidelines using the nominal group technique. The consent form and literature for CABLS framework was shared with experts. The experts developed the guidelines independently during phase one of the technique. After a given time, phase 2 started with moderator mediated discussion about the individual guidelines developed by the experts. After discussion and mutual consensus four types of guideline ideas were developed. During the third phase the experts ranked the guideline ideas on a scale of 1 to 5. The guideline idea that ranked highest was selected as a final guideline for developing a blended learning curriculum. Results: The group consensus resulted in developing seven guidelines for a blended course or curriculum in medical education. These guidelines are based on a conceptual framework supplemented by expert’s own personal experience and current evidence from literature. Conclusions: These guidelines would provide a comprehensive and systematic approach to develop a blended learning curriculum in medical education
