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    Is qi??? (just retribution) for intentional bodily harm entirely based on ijm?\u27?

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    Some contemporary scholars maintain that the rules relating to qisas (just retribution) for bodily harm are based entirely upon ijma\u27. However, works by the Hanafi jurists seem to suggest that other sources of law are important as well. This article attempts to elaborate the issue by focusing on the discussion by those jurists of the conditions of implementing just retaliation for bodily injuries: equality of injuries, possibility of implementing just retribution, equality of the parties with respect to both being free persons, equality of the parties with respect to both being free persons, equality of the parties with respect to gender, and the determination that the injury suffered by the victim is permanent

    The validity of sal?h according to al-Ghaz?l? with special reference to the obligation to observe ?u??r al-qalb throughout the ?al?h

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    This paper investigates how al-Ghaz?l? tried in his I?y?\u27 Ul?m al-D?n to justify the obligation to observe ?u??r al-qalb(presence of mind and remembrance of All?h) through out the whole prayer. In order to reach this goal, this paper is primarily divided into three subsections: A reply of al-Ghaz?l? to his opposition, his arguments and the way ?u??r al-qalb can be observed in the prayer.After analyzing the Qur?nic, Sunnaic and rational argument, this paper concludes that although the majority of Muslim jurists maintained that ?u??r al-qalb is an obligatory only at the time of the first takbir, al-Ghaz?l? maintained that hudur al-qalb is obligatory during the whole prayer, without which a prayer would remain incomplete

    Principles to be followed in partial harmonization between Islamic fiqh and man-made law

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    Nowadays all over the Muslim world, with exceptions, Man-made law, inherited from the civil or common law of the colonial power, such as Britain, France, etc., is widely being used. According to some scholars, present Man-made law of the Muslim world has been also partially influenced by the Islamic fiqh. Therefore, there are sporadic similarities between them. Additionally, many rulings that are found in Man-made law of any Muslim country do not exist in Islamic fiqh books because these rulings are related to the issues, which did not exist in the past. Hence, if an Islamic government were established today, it would not be able to abandon all of them. On the other hand, many contemporary Muslim jurists maintain that all that belongs to Man-made law are considered to be kufr (unbelief), whereas majority of the scholars of Man-made law consider that Islamic fiqh is not suitable for the contemporarylife of Muslims.1 In this situation there should be some bridge between these two opposite views, so that Islamic fiqh would get some benefits from the Man made law and vice versa. The basic objective of this is to suggest some principles for partial harmonization between Islamic fiqh and Man-made law. In order to achieve this objective, the researcher will try to explore principles of Islamic jurisprudence (U??l al-Fiqh) and select some of these principles that suit this partial harmonization process. Likewise, he will investigate the opinions of contemporary Muslim jurists regarding this issue

    Animal ethics: an Islamic perspective

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    some of them are used for riding on their backs or carrying good

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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