49 research outputs found
Reforming Farmland and Rangeland at Tharparkar: Suggested Implementations for Income Generation.
No full textThis paper is the analysis of farming and rangeland of rain-fed area of Tharparkar and it is desert area, but the concept is general and applicable for every part of the world’s desert where agriculture is rain-fed dependant. It is disadvantaged area of Pakistan. Its’ main source of income is livestock, people like agriculture, but agriculture is not sustainable source of income due to shortage of rainfall. There is need of awareness of reforming of farmland and rangeland; fencing is the best way for farmland reform. Only this practice can help the farmers supplying the fodder in drought conditions. Rangeland also should be conserved for the natural vegetation providing, fodder. Increase in livestock would lead Thar to agro-based industrial economy. We should get the lesson from the example of Denmark where previous condition was like Tharparkar.Farming, Rain Fed, Livestock, Farmland, Rangeland, Forecast, Reform, Natural-Vegetation, Sustainable, Organization.
Identifying Problems of International Investment Law (IIL) and Evaluating the Focus of Reform Initiatives
No full textThe normative structure of international investment law is highly asymmetrical. Generally, current IIAs grant investors significant substantive and procedural rights, while States and affected communities often lack equivalent safeguard. In recent years, scholars have critcised and identified many problems including human rights concerns ingrained in the international investment law framework. The States and other stakeholders also raised many concerns regarding international investment agreements and investor-State dispute settlement. Moreover, there’s agreement on the need for comprehensive reform of IIL to make ISDS effective. Yet, issues with ISDS go beyond systemic flaws, also entrenched in substantive deficiencies in existing IIAs. Furthermore, the current legitimacy crisis provides a unique chance to amend the international IIAs comprehensively. However, the WGIII and ICSID reform initiative primarily focuses on procedural aspects of ISDS, avoiding substantive issues raised by various stakeholders. While procedural reforms are essential, resolving substantive issues is equally necessary
Dispute Settlement Systems of International Investment Law: Analyses of the Systems and Reform Proposals
No full text
Identifying Problems of International Investment Law (IIL) and Evaluating the Focus of Reform Initiatives
No full textThe normative structure of international investment law is highly asymmetrical. Generally, current IIAs grant investors significant substantive and procedural rights, while States and affected communities often lack equivalent safeguard. In recent years, scholars have critcised and identified many problems including human rights concerns ingrained in the international investment law framework. The States and other stakeholders also raised many concerns regarding international investment agreements and investor-State dispute settlement. Moreover, there’s agreement on the need for comprehensive reform of IIL to make ISDS effective. Yet, issues with ISDS go beyond systemic flaws, also entrenched in substantive deficiencies in existing IIAs. Furthermore, the current legitimacy crisis provides a unique chance to amend the international IIAs comprehensively. However, the WGIII and ICSID reform initiative primarily focuses on procedural aspects of ISDS, avoiding substantive issues raised by various stakeholders. While procedural reforms are essential, resolving substantive issues is equally necessary
The critique of reform proposals for ISDS : solutions to existing and future problems
No full textAddressing wide ranging dissatisfactions regarding the current Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) system, the UNCITRAL working group III (WGIII) members are working continuously to put forward necessary reforms to the system which may take couple of more years. Considering their works till to date, the proposals might bring great improvement to the current system and will also add significant qualities. However, still, they did not put forward elaborate proposals on some of the important matters for an effective and sustainable dispute settlement system. Moreover, they might follow little bit the similar track of the WTO which is in crisis itself
The appointment and diversification of members of the multilateral investment court or tribunal: a comparative analysis : [abstract]
No full textEvaluating the Evolution of International Investment Law
No full textHistorical explanation or exploration is gaining traction among scholars of international investment law (ILL) to understand the field properly, find evolutionary connections, address power imbalances, trace a problem’s genealogy, and explain their recommendations for reforming the current system. The Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) can be a useful method to understand critical aspects of international investment law from the perspective of the Global South. One of the mainstream historical accounts of IIL describes that its central principles developed progressively and incrementally since the 19th century from challenges faced by foreign investors, mainly from capital-exporting states. However, another historical account on IIL finds its roots in European imperial expansion in the 17th century. As international investment law has evolved, arbitration has become politically contentious even in states once supportive of such agreements. While there is consensus on the need for reform, the lack of historical evaluation of the failures of these agreements poses a challenge to reform initiatives. In order to ensure effective results, it may be necessary to modify laws concerning state interactions to promote greater equality and reduce factors that undermine theoretical state equality
Analyses of the European Union and its member states' proposals on reforming the ISDS system under the UNCITRAL working group III
No full textThe European Union and its member states back the formation of a permanent investment tribunal and a Committee of the Parties that would handle different tasks, including the selection of adjudicators. According to the European Union and its member states, the members of the investment tribunal should work on a full-time basis, and the selection criteria should prioritize the most qualified and unbiased individuals, regardless of their nationality. To expand the pool of potential adjudicators and promote diversity, they suggest adopting the entire language of Article 2 of the ICJ Statute for the qualifications requirements. The European Union and its member states do not support the idea of tribunal members being appointed by States that do not recognize the tribunal's authority. This paper delves into the European Union and its member States' positions on certain fundamental issues related to ISDS reform, along with a comprehensive analysis of varying positions held by other stakeholders, including some members of UNCITRAL working group III who share similar viewpoints with the European Union and its member states on some matters and have differing opinions on others
Improved Control Strategy for Three-Phase Microgrid Management with Electric Vehicles Using Multi Objective Optimization Algorithm
No full textThe usage of electric vehicles (EV) have been spreading worldwide, not only as an alternative to achieve a low-carbon future but also to provide ancillary services to improve the power system reliability. A common problem encountered in the existing alternating current (AC) grids is low power factor, which cause several power quality problems and has worsened with the growing application of distributed generation (DG). Therefore, considering the spread of EVs usage for ancillary services and the low power factor issue in current electrical grids, this paper proposes an improved control strategy for power factor correction of a three-phase microgrid management composed of a photovoltaic (PV) array, dynamic loads, and an EV parking lot. This control strategy aims to support power factor issues using the EV charging stations, allowing the full PV generation. Different operation modes are proposed to fulfill the microgrid and the EV users’ requirements, characterizing a Multi Objective Optimization (MOO) approach. In order to achieve these optimization requests, a dynamic programming method is used to charge the vehicle while adjusting the microgrid power factor. The proposed control algorithm is verified in different scenarios, and its results indicate a suitable performance for the microgrid even during conditions of overload and high peak power surplus in generation unit. The microgrid power factor remains above the desired reference during the entire analyzed period, in which the error is approximately 4.5 less than the system without vehicles, as well as obtains an energy price reduction
