1,727,605 research outputs found
Grill and Toast Restaurant/ Muhammad Imran Sabri
Full text linkGrill and Toast Restaurant will be moderately priced 60 seat restaurant offering traditional food and self-service. Emping, Ayam Buah Keluak, Opok-Opok, Kerabu Sare and any other things are all on the menu. The restaurant will be own by sole proprietorship and under experienced management, headed by General, Muhammad Imran bin Sabri. The restaurant will have a Finance Manager, an Operations Manager, a Marketing Manager and Administrative Manager this organization emphasizes functional specialities to perform task. Grill and Toast Restaurant will be located at Jeti Semeling, 08000, Sg. Petani, Kedah. Although the location was previously utilized as a restaurant, the former tenant removed the majority of the furniture, fixtures, and equipment which will need to be replaced. The location will also require some additional renovation to increase table space in dining area. The restaurant will operate five days a week. Sales projection assume 300 customers per month and RM15.00 per person resulting in month’s sales of just over RM25,000.00 or RM363,000.00 annually. Our pricing strategy will be based on the objectives to get reasonable profit and ensure the satisfaction of the customers to continue doing the business in the future
Growth, Characterization & Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials
No full textThe purpose of this research is to develop and improve the process of massive growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Beside the growth of CNTs and their potential applications, CNTs based polymer composites properties were also explored. The thesis may be divided into two major sections. In the first section a comprehensive introduction to carbon nanomaterials specifically CNTs (which includes the structure, types, growth mechanism and techniques, characterization techniques and properties) is described. Then the CVD growth procedure adopted in our lab to grow different carbon nanomaterials in particular Multiwall Carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) under differential experimental conditions is discussed. We have grown upto 3mm thick MWCNTs carpet on Si substrate with MWCNTs diameter in the range 20nm-80nm. The individual length of MWCNTs is as long as few hundreds of micrometer. MWCNTs based structures were also grown on patterned surfaces. The patterning of the surfaces is performed by soft photolithography. These MWCNT structures have very interesting applications e.g. a). The vertical cylinders were use to produce SiC hollow cylinders, and b). CNT based fins grown on Si substrate were used to enhance the convective heat transfer properties. Several treatments (thermal annealing, acid treatment and plasma treatment) were also performed on MWCNTs in order to modify their characteristics. These procedures are useful for purification, functionalization and graphitization of MWCNTs. The second section about CNT based polymer composites starts with the brief introduction to polymer composites, processing techniques, major issues in mixing the CNTs in different polymers and finally the mixing tools used for better dispersion. The optical characterization of PDMS based MWCNTs composites films are studied. These films can have application in optical limiting devices. Furthermore, the transparency of these films is also used to calculate a unique parameter absorption cross section of a single MWCNT. The absorption cross section of individual MWCNTs having widely different aspect ratios scales with their volume. The approximation of absorption cross section per carbon atom is also in close agreement with that of graphite. The electrical conductivity phenomena in epoxy based carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) composites are also discussed. A total number of 16 types of different CNMs were used. Several conduction behaviors have been found e.g. from highly conductive CNTs which showed linear Ohmic curve, to non-linear diode-like trend to completely insulating one. The best performances have been reached by the shortest and thinner MWCNTs (both as grown and slightly functionalized with COOH groups), which can underline that small fillers can be better dispersed inside the composite and create a better conductive net within the matrix. We have also applied physical models such as the percolation theory and the fluctuation mediated tunnelling theory to the most conductive nanocomposites, with poor agreement between experimental data and theoretical prediction. Finally, we applied a recently revised model based on tunnelling-percolation theory and obtained a good fit between experimental and theoretical result
골수성 백혈병 세포의 분화과정에서 BTG2/TIS21/PC3의 역할과 다양한 자극에서의 조절기전 연구
No full textMouse TIS21 (12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate inducible sequence 21), an ortholog of human BTG2 (B-cell translocation gene 2) and rat PC3, is a tumor suppressor that belongs to antiproliferative gene family, and is implicated in a variety of biological processes. Deregulation of c-Myc transcription factor is common in leukemia and lymphomas; the tumors are highly proliferative and often blocked at an earlier phase than the terminal stage of differentiation. The interrelation and the functional interplay of these two different proteins are not defined yet. We have shown here that the tumor suppressor TIS21 negatively regulated c-Myc expression during all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation that accelerated differentiation and reduced proliferation of acute promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. TIS21 downregulated c-Myc mRNA and additionally decreased c-Myc protein stability by increasing its phosphorylation at S62 and T58 residues via activation of Erk1/2 and inhibition of PI3K/Akt along with subsequent activation of GSK-3β in response to low dose ATRA treatment. HL-60 cells treated with GSK-3β or proteosome inhibitors revealed marked accumulation of c-Myc both in the presence and absence of ATRA and TIS21, confirming ATRA plus TIS21 mediated c-Myc phosphorylation and its consequent degradation in proteosome. Immunoprecipitation assay revealed that TIS21 hindered interaction of p-Erk1/2 with Akt, thus directly regulating MAPK and Akt activities without interaction with c-Myc. These findings exhibit anticarcinogenic potential of TIS21 via downregulation of c-Myc expression during ATRA induced differentiation of HL-60 cells involving activation and deactivation of two major c-Myc regulators Erk1/2 and Akt, respectively. Recently, we have reported transient induction of Btg2 expression in response to oxidative damage; however, the regulatory mechanism was not explored. In the present study we revealed NF-κB as the upstream mediator involved in Btg2 transcription in response to cell stress challenges such as serum deprivation and oxidative stress i.e. H2O2, or doxorubicin treatments. We observed close interrelation between generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhanced IκBα degradation, nuclear translocation of NF-κB(p65/RelA) and the significant increase of Btg2 expression independent of p53 status. ChIP analysis revealed an enrichment of RelA (p65) bound to the κB response element on Btg2 promoter in response to the cell stress challenges. Employing various inhibitors led to cytoplasmic accumulation of IκBα, decreased p65 nuclear translocation along with significant reduction of Btg2 expression. Generation of ROS was the common event mediating NF-κB activation and Btg2 transcription. Furthermore, PKC activation was also found to be a critical factor mediating ROS-mediated signals to NF-κB pathway that culminate on Btg2 regulation, and specifically PKC-δ was responsible for this regulation under oxidative stress. Serum deprivation-associated ROS generation bypassed PKC activation, however, regulated NF-κB-Btg2 cascade via MAPK activation. The present data imply that oxidative stress upregulates Btg2 expression via ROS-PKC-NFκB or ROSMAPK-NFκB cascade, independent of p53 status that in turn could be involved in mediating various biological phenotypes depending on the cellular context. NF-κB plays crucial roles in inflammation and immunity and its activation is an important event for macrophage differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast alltrans- retinoic acid (ATRA) induces granulocytic differentiation independent of NF-κB involvement. Here we report that NF-κB activation enhanced and switched ATRA inducedgranulocytic programme to macrophages. Serum withdrawal and LPS treatment dampened IκBα expression via MAPK activation and ATRA treatment further corroborated this effect in HL-60 cells. The data revealed that NF-κB activation diverted ATRA induced granulocytic differentiation to macrophages as confirmed by microscopic examination and assessing the macrophages specific markers CD68 and MMP9 along with high level of Btg2. Employing various inhibitors attenuated NF-κB associated enhanced cells maturation and differentiation switch thus suggesting that NF-κB determines the lineage specificity of ATRA induced differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. MAPK activation is important both for granulocytic and macrophage differentiation and the data revealed that MAPK- NF-κB signaling was an important event in differentiation switch. The study shows that NF-κB plays an important role in determining lineage specificity of ATRA induced differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells.Mouse TIS21(12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate inducible sequence 21)는 Human BTG2(B-cell translocation gene 2)와 rat PC3 와 상동(ortholog)인 암억제유전자로써, Antiproliferative gene family 에 속하여 다양한 생명현상에 관여하고 있다. 한편 백혈병과 림프종에서 c-Myc 전사인자의 변이가 흔히 발견되는데, 이런 암들의 특징은 과도한 세포분열과 분화초기 단계에서 멈추어 더 이상 분화되지 않는 것이며 아직 TIS21 과 c-Myc 간의 관계는 알려지지 않았다. 이 연구는 급성 전골수성 백혈병(Acute promyelocytic leukemia, APL) HL-60 세포를 all-trans-retinoic acid(ATRA)로 분화시킬 때 TIS21 이 c-Myc 의 발현을 억제하여 과도한 세포분열을 막고 분화를 촉진하는 것을 밝힌다. TIS21 이 c-Myc 의 mRNA 양을 줄이고, c-Myc 의 단백질 수명 또한 감소시키는 것을 낮은 농도의 ATRA 처리 후 관찰하였는데 그 기전으로는 Erk1/2 를 활성화하여 c-Myc 의 S62, T58 의 인산화를 증가시키고 PI3K/Akt 저해를 통한 GSK-3β를 활성화하는 것으로 밝혔다. 이는 인위적으로 GSK-3β를 첨가하거나 proteasome inhibitor 를 처리하였을 때 ATRA 와 TIS21 의 관여 여부와 상관없이 c-Myc 이 축적되는 것을 보아 ATRA와 TIS21 이 c-Myc 의 인산화를 통해 proteosome 으로 분해시켰다는 것을 재확인할 수 있었다. 면역침강 실험(Immunoprecipitation assay)에서 TIS21 이 p-Erk1/2 와 Akt 간의 결합을 저해하는 것을 보아 c-Myc 에 보다는 MAPK 와 Akt 활성에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것을 관찰하였다. 이런 발견들로 하여금 TIS21 이 HL-60 세포가 ATRA 에 의해 분화될 때 c-Myc 의 발현을 억제하며, 이는 c-Myc 의 대표적인 조절자인 Erk1/2 와 Akt 를 각각 활성화, 그리고 불활성화시키는 것으로 암을 억제하는 것으로 밝혔다. 최근 산화적 손상(Oxidative damage)이 Btg2 를 일시적으로 발현시키는 것을 보고되었지만 그 기전까지는 밝히지 못하였다. 이번 연구를 통해 H2O2 나 Doxorubicin 처리 같은 oxidative stress 상황에서 NF-κB가 Btg2 를 발현시키는 역할을 한다고 찾게 되었다. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)의 증가, IκBα의 분해촉진, NF-κB의 핵내이동과, p53 와 무관한 Btg2 발현의 증가는 밀접한 관계가 있었고, ChIP 분석을 통해 세포 stress 상황에서 Btg2 promoter 의 κB responsive element 에 RelA(p65)가 강하게 붙는 것을 관찰하였다. 반면 다양한 inhibitor 의 사용을 통해 세포질 내에 IκBα의 축적, p65 의 핵내이동 저해, 그리고 Btg2 의 큰 감소를 관찰하였다. 한편, ROS 생성은 NF-κB 활성과 Btg2 전사를 모두 유도하는 역할을 하였다. 더욱이 ROS 를 통한 NF-κB 활성은 그 과정 중 PKC 활성화가 중요함을 알게 되었고, 구체적으로 PKC-δ가 관여됨을 밝혔다. Serum deprivation 때 생기는 ROS 는 PKC 활성화를 거치지 않고 MAPK 활성화를 통해 NF-κB-Btg2 흐름을 조절하였다. 지금까지의 결과로 보아 oxidative stress 는, p53 상태와는 무관하게, Btg2 전사를 ROS-PKC-NF-κB 흐름 또는 ROS-MAPK-NF-κB 흐름을 통해 증가시키며 이로써 다양한 생명현상과 연관될 수 있음을 말해주고 있다. NF-κB는 염증반응과 면역에서 매우 중요한 역할을 하며, 대식세포(macrophage) 분화에서도 in vivo 와 in vitro 상에서 NF-κB의 활성화가 중요하다. 그러나 all-trans-retinoic acid(ATRA)는 NF-κB와는 별개로 과립구성 분화(granulocytic differentiation)을 유도한다. 위 연구에서는 NF-κB의 활성화는 ATRA 로 인한 과립구성 분화를 대식세포성 분화로 바꾸는 역할을 하는 것으로 밝혔다. HL-60 세포에서 Serum withdrawal 과 LPS 처리는 MAPK 활성화를 통해 IκBα 발현을 줄이고, ATRA 또한 이런 현상을 강화했다. NFκB 활성화가 ATRA 로 인한 과립구성 분화를 대식세포성 분화로 바꾸는 역할을 현미경 관찰과 대식세포의 표식인 CD68, MMP9 발현이 증가하는 것으로 관찰하였고, 더불어 Btg2 도 증가하였다. 또한 다양한 inhibitor 처리시 NF-κB로 인한 분화 방향의 변화가 저해됨으로, 골수성 백혈병(Myeloid leukemia) 세포가 ATRA 로 분화될 때 NF-κB가 그 방향을 결정하는 것으로 예상할 수 있었다. MAPK 활성화는 과립구성 분화와 대식세포성 분화 과정 모두에서 중요하며 실험을 통해 분화 방향 (switch) 결정시 MAPK-NF-κB 신호 전달이 중요한 과정임을 알 수 있었다. 이 연구는 NF-κB가 ATRA 로 인한 골수성 백혈병 세포의 분화 방향 결정에 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 보여 준다.ABSTRACT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES viii
Part 1
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 7
1. Cell culture 7
2. Adenoviral transduction of HL-60 cells with TIS21 gene 7
3. Differentiation analyses 7
4. RNA extraction, semiquantitative RT-PCR and real time PCR 8
5. RNA Interference 10
6. Immunoblot and immunoprecipitation analyses 10
7. Statistical Analyses 10
III. RESULTS 11
A. ATRA-induces granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells 11
B. ATRA upregulates Btg2 expression in HL-60 cells 14
C. TIS21 enhances ATRA-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells 16
D. TIS21 enhances ATRA-induced differentiation via down-regulation of c-Myc in HL-60 cell 19
E. TIS21 decreases stability of c-Myc protein in response to ATRA treatment 25
F. Transduction of shTIS21 abrogates TIS21 effect on c-Myc expression and HL-60 cells differentiation 27
G. ATRA plus TIS21 increased Erk1/2 activity, but inhibited Akt with subsequent GSK-3β activation 29
H. TIS21 enhanced downregulation of c-Myc by activating GSK-3β 36
I. TIS21 enhanced ATRA-mediated c-Myc degradation in the proteosome 39
IV. DISCUSSION 42
V. CONCLUSION 45
Part 2
I. INTRODUCTION 46
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 50
1. Cell culture50
2. RNA extraction and semi quantitative RT-PCR 50
3. Immunoblot analysis 52
4. Cells fractionation 52
5. Measurement of intracellular ROS level and cell cycle analysis 52
6. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay 53
7. Cells Proliferation Assay 53
8. Transfection of PKC-54
8. Statistical analysis 54
III. RESULTS 55
A. Btg2 is upregulated under serum deprivation 55
B. Serum deprivation-induced reactive oxygen species generation upregulates Btg2 expression 60
C. Serum deprivation induces NF-B activation 63
D. NF-B regulates Btg2 expression under serum deprivation 66
E. SP1 and DNA damage signals do not regulate Btg2 expression under serum deprivation 69
F. Exogenous H2O2 regulates Btg2 expression via NF-B activation in DLD-1 cells 71
G. Doxorubicin induces Btg2 expression via ROS-NF-B pathway 73
H. ROS regulate NF-B activation along with Btg2 expression via PKC activity 76
I. PKC- regulates NF-B activity and Btg2 expression in ROS dependent manner 81
J. ROS regulate NFB-Btg2 under serum deprivation via MAPK pathway activation 83
K. Btg2 reduces cells proliferation expression under serum deprivation, H2O2 and Doxo treatment 86
IV. DISCUSSION 89
V. CONCLUSION 93
Part 3
I. INTRODUCTION 94
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 97
1. Cell culture 97
2. Differentiation analyses 97
3. RNA extraction, semiquantitative RT-PCR and real time PCR 97
4. Immunoblot and immunoprecipitation analyses 98
5. Cells fractionation 98
6. Measurement of intracellular ROS level 99
7. Statistical Analyses 99
III. RESULTS 100
A. ATRA induces macrophage differentiation under reduced serum concentration 100
B. ATRA enhances NF-B activation in myeloid leukemia cells 104
C. Inhibition of NF-B abrogates ATRA induced macrophage differentiation of HL-60 cells107
D. Activation of NF-B induces macrophage differentiation in response to ATRA Treatment 109
E. ATRA enhances NF-B activation and induces macrophage differentiation via MAPK 112
F. ATRA induced C/EBPα expression via MAPK is lower in cells under serum deprivation 115
IV. DISCUSSION 118
V. CONCLUSION 121
VI. REFERENCES 122
국문 요약 148Docto
The treatment of women within Pakistani domestic legal system: A relativist challenge to the universalist concept of human rights, the potential of European Union’s mandate of external relations and actions for addressing the challenge.
No full textLe norme, le politiche e le prassi interne in Pakistan non sono sempre in linea con l’obbligo di assicurare il rispetto dei diritti umani senza discriminazioni. Ciò si deve sia a fattori interni che esterni. A livello interno, il forte relativismo culturale e religioso, l’allontanamento del sistema giuridico della Sharia dall'Ijtihad (ragionamento giuridico indipendente) verso il Taqleed (seguire un percorso predefinito), le eredità coloniali, l'esistenza di istituzioni statali parallele, la continua divisione tra la maggioranza tradizionalista e la minoranza modernista della società pakistana, la riluttanza e l'incapacità del legislatore, portano all'adozione di riforme legislative che altro non sono che il frutto di compromessi.
Esternamente, due insidie del diritto internazionale dei diritti umani perpetuano questo problema: la possibilità di introdurre riserve ai trattati pertinenti e la mancanza di efficaci meccanismi volti alla loro attuazione. Le riserve permettono una diffusa partecipazione ai trattati internazionali sui diritti umani, ma minano la capacità delle norme in esse contenute di raggiungere uno status universalistico e possono assecondare il relativismo culturale e religioso. D'altra parte, la mancanza di un meccanismo di attuazione coercitiva impedisce l'applicazione sostanziale e la realizzazione indiscriminata a livello nazionale delle norme sui diritti umani, al di là del loro riconoscimento formale.
Qualsiasi proposta per la soluzione di questi problemi dovrebbe essere bidimensionale. Dovrebbe avere il potenziale per mediare i lati negativi dell'attuale sistema internazionale di protezione dei diritti umani, fornendo efficaci meccanismi di attuazione e, al contempo essere accettabile per le parti interessate, a fronte di un forte relativismo culturale e religioso.
A livello interno, tale obiettivo può essere raggiunto leggendo la Sharia alla luce degli obblighi sui diritti umani, da un lato, e promuovendo un'interpretazione dei diritti umani meno focalizzata sul modello occidentale, dall’altro. Dagli esempi progressisti di Tunisia, Egitto e Marocco, il Pakistan può imparare come la Sharia possa essere interpretata in modo modernista con un approccio non essenzialista e come le dottrine di Ijtihad, Takhayyur e Talfiq, invece del Taqleed, debbano essere impiegate. Ciò sarà fondamentale per raggiungere l'obiettivo di riformulare o ritirare le ampie e vaghe riserve apposte dal Pakistan ai regimi pattizi sui diritti umani.
A livello esterno, meccanismi di attuazione efficaci per l’attuazione delle norme sui diritti umani possono essere ricercati al di fuori degli strumenti sui diritti umani. Così, il rispetto dei diritti umani potrebbe essere associato ad incentivi economici e commerciali. L'Unione europea interagisce con gli Stati terzi attraverso la politica commerciale comune, l'assistenza, la cooperazione allo sviluppo e fornendo posizioni commerciali preferenziali e altri incentivi economici ai paesi in via di sviluppo. Rispettare e promuovere i diritti umani è una condizione per acquisire e mantenere lo status di beneficiario del libero scambio.
Questa ricerca analizzerà innanzitutto le norme internazionali sui diritti umani vincolanti per il Pakistan e gli esempi di riserve poste ai trattati pertinenti da altri paesi di tradizione islamica. Guarderà poi al sistema giuridico e politico del Pakistan dal punto di vista delle norme internazionali sui diritti umani. Soffermandosi sulle relazioni economiche tra l'UE e il Pakistan, esaminerà la cooperazione tra l'UE e il Pakistan, cercando di valutare quali sono le aree trascurate e le lacune, e quale ulteriore ruolo può svolgere l'UE nella promozione e attuazione delle norme internazionali sui diritti umani in Pakistan, in modo da valutare se il commercio possa effettivamente essere un mezzo per respingere le spinte relativiste al concetto universalista dei diritti umani, come suggerirebbe l'adagio il commercio unisce i nemiciThe domestic laws, policies, and practices of Pakistan are hardly in line with the Country’s international commitments to indiscriminately respect human rights. This is due both to internal and to external factors. Internally, strong cultural and religious relativism, misconceived departure of Shariah legal system from Ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) to Taqleed (following a predefined path), colonial legacies, the existence of parallel state institutions, the continuous divide between the majority traditionalist and minority modernist segments of Pakistani society, and the reluctance and inability of legislature, lead to the adoption of legislative reforms that are no more than the child of compromises.
Externally, two pitfalls of international human rights law perpetuate this problem: the possibility to introduce reservations to human rights treaties and the lack of effective enforcement mechanisms. While allowing a widespread participation to international human rights treaties, reservations undermine the potential of human rights standards to achieve universalist status and may lead to cultural and religious relativism. On the other hand, the lack of a coercive enforcement mechanism impinges upon the substantial application and indiscriminate realization at the domestic level of human rights standards, beyond their formal recognition.
In order to be effective, any proposed solution to these problems should be two-dimensional. It should have the potential to mediate the downsides of the existing international human rights protection system, by providing effective enforcement mechanisms, but at the same time it should be acceptable to the relevant stakeholders, at the face of strong cultural and religious relativism.
Internally, this can be done by reading Shariah in line with human rights obligations, on one hand, and advocating for a less western-centric interpretation of human rights, on the other hand. From the progressive examples of Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco, Pakistan can learn how the rules of Shariah can be given modernist interpretations with a non-essentialist approach and how the doctrines of Ijtihad, Takhayyur, and Talfiq, instead of Taqleed, should be employed. Adoption of these tools and attitudes will be instrumental in achieving the objective to reformulate, narrow down and/or withdraw Pakistan’s broad and vague reservations to human rights treaty regimes.
Externally, effective enforcement mechanisms for the purpose of implementing international human rights standards may be sought outside human rights instruments. Thus, human rights compliance could be associated to trade and other economic incentives. The European Union interacts with non-EU states through common commercial policy, assistance, development cooperation and by providing preferential trading positions and other economic incentives to developing and least developing countries. Respecting, ensuring, and promoting international human rights is a condition for acquiring and retaining free trade beneficiary statuses.
This research will first analyse the international human rights standards binding on Pakistan and examples of reservations placed to human rights treaties by other countries of Islamic tradition. Secondly, it will examine the domestic legal and political system of Pakistan from the perspective of international human rights law. Focusing on the economic relations between the EU and Pakistan, it will then examine the current nature and level of engagements between EU and Pakistan, and it will attempt to assess what are the neglected areas and the loopholes and what further role the EU can play in the promotion and effective enforcement of international human rights standards in Pakistan, so as to assess whether trade could actually be a means to mediate the relativist challenge to the universalist concept of human rights, as the adage “trade brings the enemies together” would suggest
Ultraviolet generation in step index optical fibres and microfibres
No full textCoherent ultraviolet (UV) generation has various applications in a large number of fields, such as stand-off explosive detection, enhanced Raman scattering and photolithography, to name a few. Typically, the generation of coherent UV light relied on frequency doubling with nonlinear crystals and relatively complicated free space optics, on toxic gases (excimers) and low power UV diodes. In this thesis, the use of solid core step-index optical fibre for the generation of coherent UV radiation is investigated. Here, wavelength conversion in optical microfibres (OMFs) via nonlinear processes is considered. Firstly, efficient generation of UV radiation via intermodal third harmonic generation (THG) in fibres is first studied. While THG is potentially efficient in OMFs, it is not feasible in optical fibres with large numerical apertures. Detuning is found to be a critical parameter which determines the overall efficiency, thereby making the OMF diameter control crucial. Initial experiments indicate that the quasi-continuous wave (CW) sources with long pulses (a few ns) and high peak powers (∼ kW) are the most suitable for intermodal THG in OMFs, as detrimental nonlinear effects become dominant with ultrashort pulses. However, further theoretical investigations show that intermodal THG is fundamentally limited by the intrinsic surface roughness of the silica OMFs, restricting the maximum efficiency to ∼ 10-3. This leads to the investigation of four wave mixing (FWM), where both parametric amplification and wavelength generation are theoretically investigated. A quasi-CW source working in conjunction with a periodically poled silica fibre (PPSF) is employed to investigate this experimentally, and it is shown that a scheme employing two OMFs allowed the generation of coherent UV radiation down to 0:31 µm, with fundamental limitations being imposed from losses due to the oxygen-deficiency centre inherent to the fibre
k-Label Dependent Evolutionary Distance Weighting for Software Defect Prediction
Full text linkSoftware Defect Prediction is a field of study that uses machine learning algorithms to identify software that is susceptible to defects. Software defects and bugs can potentially cause errors that have significant consequences ranging from minor inconveniences to system failures. Identification of errors at an early stage allows software developers to reduce resources used and to provide more reliable software. Conventional SDP models often depend on static feature-weighting approaches that cannot be adjusted to the particularities of different data sets. Existing model address some of these challenges, but lack interpretability or prediction accuracy. This research addresses the limitations of existing models by introducing an enhanced -Label-Dependent Evolutionary Distance Weighting ( -LDEDW) method, which combines an adaptive genetic algorithm and -NN classifier (-NN) to improve predictions by dynamically adjusting the feature weights for each data point. The proposed adaptive -LDEDW model is implemented to predict software defects and the performance of the model is evaluated in the ApacheJIT data set, which contains unbalanced commits of clean and bug-inducing software. The adaptive genetic algorithm refines the weights using crossover and mutation techniques, guided by Matthew correlation coefficient (MCC) as the fitness function. In addition, Shapley values are used to explain the importance of software features in defect predictions to provide insights into the interpretability of the model. The -LDEDW model is then compared with graph neural networks (GNN), clustering techniques, and JIT bug prediction models. The respective models are compared using evaluation metrics for accuracy, precision, recall, -score, AUC, and MCC. The results show that -LDEDW outperformed other methods, achieving an MCC of 0.65, precision of 0.86, recall of 0.98, and an -score of 0.92 for clean commits. For buggy commits, it attained a precision of 0.91, while the overall predictions yielded a precision of 0.88 and recall of 0.76. Shapley values revealed that -LDEDW utilized a diverse range of features, showing that the model offers a holistic evaluation of software features. These results highlight the robustness of -LDEDW and its ability to adapt to an imbalanced data set
Automated Hypertensive Retinopathy detection using image processing / Muhammad Imran Rahmat
Full text linkIn this day and age, hypertensive has been identified as the major factor for death and is ranked third as a cause of life-years adapted for disability. Hypertensive retinopathy can be observed on the retinal sign, including generalized and focal arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous nicking, flame-shaped and blotted-shaped retinal haemorrhages, cotton-wool spots and swelling of the optic disc. Hypertensive retinopathy also relates to a condition of the disease that damages the retinal vascularization of hypertensive patients, leading to vision loss and death. However, there are no early symptoms to many eye diseases. It may be painless, and there may be no vision change until the disease is quite advanced. Hence, early detection is therefore really important to avoid any significant effect to human eyes. An automated hypertensive retinopathy detection prototype will be developed for medical examination in this project. There are three phases of this system which is pre-processing, processing and post processing. Several image processing technique has been use in development of this project. The accuracy of this system is 90.00% and it is developed using MATLAB software. The findings from this study is believed to be helpful as it may contribute in medical image processing field
Cognizance of Color Blindness in University-Girls-Hostel Residents
No full textThe main purpose of the study was awareness about color blindness, its causes and impact on health in university-girls-hostel residents. Eighty students joined in this study. All the students of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Khadija hall girl’s hostel were involved in that study in which they were asked about color blindness it provides answers like is color blindness a viral infection or a bacterial disease, metabolic disease. Any one of you your family and friends have ever suffered from this disease? How can we treat it with the use of medicines or surgery? It is shifted genetically or by blood transfusion contact. Which they were asked about color blindness disease type and it’s diagnose and how it can be controlled either by surgery or medicines or no need of its treatment and how it spreads and family friends history of this disease. A survey was done by the awareness about color blindness its reasons and effect on health. A survey was done by the awareness about color blindness its reasons and effect on health. The statistical analysis was done by using MS word. Above study showed that majority of students said that AIDS is a bacterial disease rather than fungal disease. 67.5% of students claimed it as a bacterial disease but 36.25% said that it is not a genetically transferred disease. 53.75% of students had this disease
Docking Study of Altered Nelfinavir & Indinavir with Protease of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
No full textNelfinavir and Indinavir are protease inhibitors that function against HIV-1 (HIV-1). Protease inhibitors act by preventing HIV's protease enzyme from functioning. Infectious HIV-1 protease enzyme is proteolytic enzyme in nature that transforms virus causing polyprotein precursors into particular functional proteins. Nelfinavir and Indinavir bind to the protease's active site and prevent it from working. This inhibitor prevents the breaking of virus causing polyproteins, preventing the growth of immature and the non-infectious virus causing particles. However, protease inhibitors are always utilized with at least two further drugs which are anti-HIV drugs. Using the pubchem database from NCBI, we used docking techniques to find the structures of Indinavir and nelfinavir. Then used ds4.1 to modify it then open in auto dock or pay mole to see their attachment after docking with protein
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