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A study for public perceptions in integrating transportation demand management measures in developing countries: A study in Lahore
Get PDF横浜国立大学博士(学術)The rapid increase in travel demand tends to increase social loss by increasing traffic jams and accidents, influence on environment and energy consumption. The main reasons of increase in automobile ownership and usage are low ownership and usage cost, status symbol, government policies on vehicle ownership, and inefficiency and under development of public transportation. The experience of many cities reveal that as capacity is increased, demand increases at a similar rate and subsequently in the long-term travellers do not experience a reduction in travel time and society additionally suffers from expensive road infrastructure, environmental degradation, and high-energy consumption. Moreover, in developing countries, it is difficult to deal with increased travel demand just by increasing the capacity of infrastructure due to financial, political, and technical issues. Under these circumstances, it is essential to look for alternative measures i.e. transportation demand management (TDM) measures. The TDM term is used for different demand side measures that encourage the use of existing transportation infrastructure more efficiently, or an approach to influence the travel behaviour with the purpose to reduce the needs of trips or to spreading the needs in time and space. Cities in developing countries are experiencing difficulty in determining appropriate mix of TDM measures to encourage travellers to change their normal travel behaviour. In this study, it is supposed that those TDM measures would be effective which aim to keep existing public transport users, make efficient use of automobile and reduce private vehicle trips, provide alternatives to private transport, and minimize the benefits of using private vehicle through fiscal and mobility restrictions. Factors influencing the public acceptability and effectiveness of specific measures are essential to evaluate in advance in specific region. Few studies in developing countries provide the evidence of influence of income, education, gender and social and religious factors on acceptability and effectiveness of TDM measures. On the other hand, studies in the developed countries have shown many factors i.e. pro-environmental behaviour, problem awareness, individual freedom in mode choice, personal and social norm, situational factors, and value orientation. Other factors such as individual’s lifestyles, attitudes, personality, freedom, status, superiority, feelings of power, and perceived performance of each transport mode seem to play an important role in policymaking. From perspective of developing countries, it is also required to evaluate the influence of above stated factors in integrating the TDM measures. Moreover, design of questionnaires to grasp stated preferences is a critical task due to difficulties in getting reliable data for making significant inferences. The respondent’s literacy level and response rate are the main issues when questionnaires include items regarding personal information, lifestyles, attitudes, norms, and intentions. Applications of theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and norm-activation model (NAM) are also not sure in explaining the behavioural consequences of TDM measures. Therefore, this study aims to design questionnaires for grasping user’s preferences to investigate the influencing factors in integrating TDM measures in developing countries for mitigation of traffic congestion and related environmental and social problems. Lahore city is selected for case study considering the severity of transportation problems, and feasibility of conducting the surveys. It is the second largest city of Pakistan with population almost 8.65 million. Three questionnaires were designed and conducted in Lahore city. Survey related to traffic radio first was conducted through email and then in field during September 2011. Phase-I survey was conducted with the help of university graduate students during September 2011 and 631 usable samples obtained. Phase-II survey was conducted during September-October 2012 again with the help of university graduate students and 354 usable samples obtained. Structural equation modelling techniques were used to analyze the questionnaires data. Study results revealed that radio traffic information has significant influence on road user’s trip making decision, and such simple, audio, and conventional type traffic information sources are suitable in developing countries considering literacy and accessibility issues of travellers. Effectiveness of such traffic information source depends on listening propensity of travellers and their satisfaction with its service quality. Two types of travel pattern exist in Lahore i.e. auto dependent, and non-auto captive behaviour. Time saving, convenience, reliability, flexibility, status symbol, and freedom are main motives in the use of private vehicle and auto-rickshaw, whereas low income and non-vehicle ownership are main reasons of non-auto modes usage. Symbolic, functional, and cost and time factors are significant determinants of public satisfaction with the service quality of public transportation modes and people perceive different modes differently. Daewoo bus service with some service improvements has potential of reducing the inefficiency of existing public transport system. Auto-oriented lifestyles and attitudes tend to reduce, whereas transit oriented factors tend to enhance the usage of public transport. Personality traits, community and congestion oriented travel attitudes, perceived behavioural control and intention are underlying factors of public attitudes towards soft, pull and push measures. Heterogeneity exists between different mode users for lifestyles and attitudes and perceptions to TDM measures. Similarly, attitudes towards public transport, personal and social norms, perceived behavioural control over public transport, perceived freedom and flexibility in travelling, and status oriented factors are significant factors influencing the acceptability of improved public transport, office based transport, and combined fiscal policy. Situational factors, mobility restrictions on car use and people moral obligations have significant impact on people’s intentions towards improved public transport. Perceived attitudinal aspects of private car and public transport such as social/aesthetic and personal orderliness and instrumental are also determinants of people’s attitudes towards public transport. Studied TDM measures were ranked and classified in terms of public favourability index and period of implementation respectively. People perceive soft and pull measures more favourable over push measures. However, push measures have more potential of changing travel behaviour. Polices were developed of appropriate TDM measures under their influencing factors for integration in developing countries. Intervention packages of TDM measures have been proposed to change and activate different attitudes, norms and beliefs, and create awareness among people about merits and demerits of different travel alternatives. Integration of fiscal and mobility restrictions on private vehicle use with public transport improvement and other travel alternative has tremendous potential of changing people’s travel behaviour. Behavioural theories can be applied in isolation as well as in combination in determining the behavioural intentions to TDM measures. This study infers that individual lifestyles, attitudes, norms, and perceived performance of transportation modes are dominant aspects of travel behaviour in integrating the TDM measures, and such aspects can be grasped in developing countries by giving proper attention to questionnaire design and survey methods. However, local circumstances of concerned city should have more importance in designing the appropriate set of policies. At the end, recommendations have been made for future research relevant to the scope of study with putting emphasis on designing stated preference experimental design in order to evaluate the interaction effect between TDM measures
A study for public perceptions in integrating transportation demand management measures in developing countries: A study in Lahore
No full textThe rapid increase in travel demand tends to increase social loss by increasing traffic jams and accidents, influence on environment and energy consumption. The main reasons of increase in automobile ownership and usage are low ownership and usage cost, status symbol, government policies on vehicle ownership, and inefficiency and under development of public transportation. The experience of many cities reveal that as capacity is increased, demand increases at a similar rate and subsequently in the long-term travellers do not experience a reduction in travel time and society additionally suffers from expensive road infrastructure, environmental degradation, and high-energy consumption. Moreover, in developing countries, it is difficult to deal with increased travel demand just by increasing the capacity of infrastructure due to financial, political, and technical issues. Under these circumstances, it is essential to look for alternative measures i.e. transportation demand management (TDM) measures. The TDM term is used for different demand side measures that encourage the use of existing transportation infrastructure more efficiently, or an approach to influence the travel behaviour with the purpose to reduce the needs of trips or to spreading the needs in time and space. Cities in developing countries are experiencing difficulty in determining appropriate mix of TDM measures to encourage travellers to change their normal travel behaviour. In this study, it is supposed that those TDM measures would be effective which aim to keep existing public transport users, make efficient use of automobile and reduce private vehicle trips, provide alternatives to private transport, and minimize the benefits of using private vehicle through fiscal and mobility restrictions. Factors influencing the public acceptability and effectiveness of specific measures are essential to evaluate in advance in specific region. Few studies in developing countries provide the evidence of influence of income, education, gender and social and religious factors on acceptability and effectiveness of TDM measures. On the other hand, studies in the developed countries have shown many factors i.e. pro-environmental behaviour, problem awareness, individual freedom in mode choice, personal and social norm, situational factors, and value orientation. Other factors such as individual’s lifestyles, attitudes, personality, freedom, status, superiority, feelings of power, and perceived performance of each transport mode seem to play an important role in policymaking. From perspective of developing countries, it is also required to evaluate the influence of above stated factors in integrating the TDM measures. Moreover, design of questionnaires to grasp stated preferences is a critical task due to difficulties in getting reliable data for making significant inferences. The respondent’s literacy level and response rate are the main issues when questionnaires include items regarding personal information, lifestyles, attitudes, norms, and intentions. Applications of theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and norm-activation model (NAM) are also not sure in explaining the behavioural consequences of TDM measures. Therefore, this study aims to design questionnaires for grasping user’s preferences to investigate the influencing factors in integrating TDM measures in developing countries for mitigation of traffic congestion and related environmental and social problems. Lahore city is selected for case study considering the severity of transportation problems, and feasibility of conducting the surveys. It is the second largest city of Pakistan with population almost 8.65 million. Three questionnaires were designed and conducted in Lahore city. Survey related to traffic radio first was conducted through email and then in field during September 2011. Phase-I survey was conducted with the help of university graduate students during September 2011 and 631 usable samples obtained. Phase-II survey was conducted during September-October 2012 again with the help of university graduate students and 354 usable samples obtained. Structural equation modelling techniques were used to analyze the questionnaires data. Study results revealed that radio traffic information has significant influence on road user’s trip making decision, and such simple, audio, and conventional type traffic information sources are suitable in developing countries considering literacy and accessibility issues of travellers. Effectiveness of such traffic information source depends on listening propensity of travellers and their satisfaction with its service quality. Two types of travel pattern exist in Lahore i.e. auto dependent, and non-auto captive behaviour. Time saving, convenience, reliability, flexibility, status symbol, and freedom are main motives in the use of private vehicle and auto-rickshaw, whereas low income and non-vehicle ownership are main reasons of non-auto modes usage. Symbolic, functional, and cost and time factors are significant determinants of public satisfaction with the service quality of public transportation modes and people perceive different modes differently. Daewoo bus service with some service improvements has potential of reducing the inefficiency of existing public transport system. Auto-oriented lifestyles and attitudes tend to reduce, whereas transit oriented factors tend to enhance the usage of public transport. Personality traits, community and congestion oriented travel attitudes, perceived behavioural control and intention are underlying factors of public attitudes towards soft, pull and push measures. Heterogeneity exists between different mode users for lifestyles and attitudes and perceptions to TDM measures. Similarly, attitudes towards public transport, personal and social norms, perceived behavioural control over public transport, perceived freedom and flexibility in travelling, and status oriented factors are significant factors influencing the acceptability of improved public transport, office based transport, and combined fiscal policy. Situational factors, mobility restrictions on car use and people moral obligations have significant impact on people’s intentions towards improved public transport. Perceived attitudinal aspects of private car and public transport such as social/aesthetic and personal orderliness and instrumental are also determinants of people’s attitudes towards public transport. Studied TDM measures were ranked and classified in terms of public favourability index and period of implementation respectively. People perceive soft and pull measures more favourable over push measures. However, push measures have more potential of changing travel behaviour. Polices were developed of appropriate TDM measures under their influencing factors for integration in developing countries. Intervention packages of TDM measures have been proposed to change and activate different attitudes, norms and beliefs, and create awareness among people about merits and demerits of different travel alternatives. Integration of fiscal and mobility restrictions on private vehicle use with public transport improvement and other travel alternative has tremendous potential of changing people’s travel behaviour. Behavioural theories can be applied in isolation as well as in combination in determining the behavioural intentions to TDM measures. This study infers that individual lifestyles, attitudes, norms, and perceived performance of transportation modes are dominant aspects of travel behaviour in integrating the TDM measures, and such aspects can be grasped in developing countries by giving proper attention to questionnaire design and survey methods. However, local circumstances of concerned city should have more importance in designing the appropriate set of policies. At the end, recommendations have been made for future research relevant to the scope of study with putting emphasis on designing stated preference experimental design in order to evaluate the interaction effect between TDM measures
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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