6 research outputs found
Race and settlement main office of the SS, the branch office for Bohemia and Moravia, 1941-1945
No full textPobočka hlavního rasového a osídlovacího úřadu SS (RuSHA) pro Čechy a Moravu byla založena v únoru 1941. Jejím účelem bylo, na podnět Franka, Heydricha a Himmlera, provést plošný rasový výzkum českých školáků. Cílem mělo být zjistit podíl poněmčitelného obyvatelstva v Protektorátu Čehy a Morava. Výsledek měl sloužit jako směrodatná informace pro budoucí germanizaci česko-moravského prostoru. Pobočka zakládala své služebny v jednotlivých regionech Protektorátu. Nedlouho na to získala pobočka další kompetence: posuzování vhodnosti smíšených sňatků, žádostí o přiznání německé státní příslušnosti, žádostí o umístění českých žáků do německých škol, selekci českých odborníků za účelem jejich nasazení v Říši atd. Došlo i na další rozsáhlé výzkumy českého obyvatelstva. Později se působnost rozšířila i do Říšské župy Sudety. Autor se věnuje především organizačním záležitostem pobočky, jejím kompetencím, personálním otázkám a vztahům s jinými německými úřady. Organizační vývoj rozdělil do čtyř fází: budovatelské, konsolidační, vrcholné a regresivní. Odhadl také počet osob rasově vyšetřených pracovníky pobočky od roku 1941 až do prvních měsíců roku 1945. Koncem války byla činnost pobočky postupně utlumována a nakonec byli její pracovníci připravováni na eventuální bojové nasazení. Autor se v práci snaží zasadit úlohu pobočky RuSHA do širšího kontextu germanizační politiky v českých zemích během nacistické okupace.The branch office of the Race and Settlement Main Office of the SS (RuSHA) for Bohemia and Moravia was founded in February 1941. Its purpose was to perform the racial research of Czech school children on the initiative of Frank, Heydrich and Himmler. The aim should have been to find out a percentage of Germanizable inhabitants of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The result was to serve as an information for future Germanization of the Czech-Moravian area. Soon after, the branch office acquired new competences: assessing the suitability of misex marriages, applications for granting German citizenship, applications for study at German schools, selection of Czech experts to settle them in the Reich, etc. There were also more extensive studies of the Czech population. Later, the scope of the branch office spread to the Sudetenland (Reichsgau Sudetenland). The author is primarily devoted to organizational matters of the branch office, its competencies, personal issues and relationships with other German authorities. He devided the organizational development into four phases: the building, consolidation, "peak period" and the phase of regression. He also estimated the number of persons who were racially examined by the branch's experts from 1941 until the early months of 1945. At the end of the war, the activities of the branch office declined. The staff was getting ready for possible entrance to fight. The author of the theiss tries to put the role of the RuSHA branch office in the broader context of Germanization policy in the Bohemian lands during the Nazi occupation.Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobo
Newspapers’ Presence on Social Media Uniting Divergent Media Technology Users
No full textWith the advancement of internet, the meaning of community is witnessing a change, and the customary print newspaper is facing a challenge of undergoing a transition with the immediate changes. Printnewspapers, especially in the western countries have seen a notable shifthowever; countries like China and India do not predict any instant threat for print newspapers as the numbers and circulation of print newspapers are still growing. Although print media is a flourishing business in India, newspaper organizations are embracing new technologies so as to continue as a significant entity in a rapidly altering environment. Print newspapers are keeping up with the technology based shifts in the global media and they are making use of social media to convert these changes into an opportunity.Many newspaper publishers have recoiled the online trend by taking up the new world of journalism and coming up in new ways to engage readers. The growth of social media through diverse tools such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, WordPress, news websites, online newspapers and Mobile news apps etc. has engrossed large numbers of users to share content with each other. Social media is further prospective to appeal to the youth who can use multiple platforms to voice individual opinions. In times wherenumerous options to access news are availed, the coming of print newspapers on social media demonstrates an increasingly participatory and self-expressive attempt for the readers. By using case study method of research this paper discusses the current trends in newspaper industry and how social media can bring together the diverse users who have been using divergent media technologies to access news
The metabook : an artistic book as the hermeneutics of a book
No full textTekst rozpoczyna definicja książki, podkreślająca takie elementy, jak materiał, struktura (tom, strona, drukowany lub pisany znak), komunikacja, funkcja społeczna i symboliczne znaczenie. Omówiona zostaje sytuacja książki w epoce mediów elektronicznych (w tym zjawisko blogu). Część wstępną kończy analiza relacji pomiędzy książką a sztukami plastycznymi (np. ekphrasis, emblem). Specjalnie wyodrębnione zostają pojęcia pięknej książki i genezy książki artystycznej w XIX i XX wieku. Dyskusja o definicji książki artystycznej i różnicach pomiędzy nią a książką autorską, piękną książką, książką autorską i liberaturą stanowi wstęp do opisów książek artystycznych autorstwa takich artystów, jak między innymi Ed Rusha,
Dick Higgins, Mauricio Nannucci, David Stairs, Anselm Kiefer, Christian Boltanski. Materiał zostaje podzielony na następujące rozdziały: komunikacja i tekst, przedmiot materialny, strona, tom, pismo, słowo i obraz, symboliczne znaczenie książki. Przykłady ukazują, że artyści eksperymentują z podstawowymi elementami struktury i funkcji książki, nawet w najbardziej współczesnej sztuce nowych mediów i Internetu. W ten sposób nie tylko tworzą dzieła sztuki, ale też podejmują filozoficzną refleksję na temat istoty książki. Książka artystyczna okazuje się metaksiążką.The text starts with the definition of a book in various contexts, stressing such elements as material structure (volume, page, printed or written sign), communication, social function and symbolic meaning. The author points out the situation of a book in the era of electronic media and analyses the blog phenomenon. Then the historic examples of the relationship between a book and fine arts are described (e. g. ekphrasis, emblem) with the special attention paid to the 19th and 20th centuries (the works of William Blake, the book beautiful, livres d’ artistes) and the beginning of an artist’s book (experiments of Stéphan Mallarmé, James Joyce, Russian futurism and constructivism, Marcel Duchamp). The discussion on the definition of an artists’ book and the differences among artists’ book, author’s book, book beautiful, "liberature" is the beginning of the description of numerous artists’ books of the late 20th century and the analysis of the phenomenon. Finally, the works of such artists like Ed Rusha, Dick Higgins, Mauricio Nannucci, David Stairs, Anselm Kiefer, Christian Boltanski are elaborated. The author divides the material into following chapters: communication and text, material object, page, volume, script, word and image, symbolic meaning of a book. The examples in each chapter shows that artists are experimenting with the essential elements of the structure and function of a book, even in the most contemporary New Media art and virtual reality. This way the artists not only create artworks but also reflect on the essence and the core of a book. The aesthetic invention starts philosophical reflection. The artists’ book turns out to be a metabook
ملاحظات أولية حول وضعية المرأة عند ابن رشد / Ibn Rusha on the Question of Women: Preliminary Remarks
No full text[To investigate the views of Ibn Rushd on women, it is important to look in both the juridical works attributed to the Judge of Cordoba and to his Commentaries, some of which are no longer extant in Arabic, but available only in translations. Furthermore, as the author points out, an assessment of Ibn Rushd\u27s contribution to elucidating women\u27s importance and upgrading their social position can only be appreciated through an overview of how rarely this topic had concerned other philosophers in the socio-religious context of Ibn Rushd. One of the few philosophers in the Arab-Islamic tradition who devoted space in his writing to women and their concerns was Abu al-Hasan al-\u27Āmirī (d. 381/992). He discussed in his Kitab al-sa\u27ada wa\u27l-is\u27ad (Book of Happiness and Rendering Happiness) the position of women and wavered between considering them equal to men and subordinating them to men. This ambivalent attitude seems like an improvement over other philosophic silences on the question. The author combines a reading of selected passages from Ibn Rushd\u27s work in jurisprudence, Bidāyat al-mujtahid wa-nihāyat al-muqtaṣid (Inception of Interpretation and the Perfection of Concision) with Ibn Rushd\u27s explication and commentary on Plato\u27s Republic as reconstructed from the Hebrew translation (made by Samuel ben Judah in Provence in the fourteenth century), in its most recent translation into English, by Ralph Lerner. One can only discern Ibn Rushd\u27s point of view on the subject by shifts in pronouns (third person likely to point to Plato and first person to Ibn Rushd). Such reading-though it cannot be conclusive as two translations mediate the lost original-does point out, in combination with Ibn Rushd\u27s direct pronouncements on women in Bidāyat al-mujtahid that Ibn Rushd was a precursor of women\u27s emancipation. Other readings of gender issues in the works of Ibn Rushd are referred to in this study, in an effort to draw attention to the convergence of readings on this question, and to solicit interest in investigating such a vital issue in Arab-Islamic legacy at this critical conjuncture.
Final Solution of the Czech Question Between Theory and Practice: Racial Science and Germanization Policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
No full textTématem diplomové práce je problematika germanizační a rasové politiky v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava. Autor porovnává různé koncepty a plány pro germanizaci tohoto prostoru (Fridericiho, Neurathův, Frankův, Heydrichův, Juryho, Künzela atd.), dále se věnuje úloze Pozemkového úřadu, přípravě německé kolonizace a dalším otázkám. Stěžejní část práce však leží v rasových aspektech germanizačního úsilí nacistů. Analyzuje "vědecké" rasové bádání na ústavech Německé Karlovy univerzity (Schultzův Ústav pro rasovou biologii, Thumsův Ústav pro rodovou a rasovou hygienu a Müllerův Ústav pro sociální antropologii a národní biologii). Velkou pozornost pak autor věnuje praktickému provádění rasové politiky vůči Čechům během války se zaměřením na provádění rasové selekce, kterou organizoval Hlavní rasový a osídlovací úřad (RuSHA), resp. jeho protektorátní pobočka. Úřad se zabýval plošnými rasovými výzkumy českého obyvatelstva i "běžnou správní agendou" v podobě posuzování smíšených manželství (ve spolupráci s Německým zdravotním úřadem), žadatelů o německé občanství nebo uchazeče o studium na německých vysokých školách. Výsledky těchto šetření autor vyhodnotil a statisticky zpracoval. Práce obsahuje i analýzu vybraných problémů souvisejících s rasovou a germanizační politikou.The topic of the thesis is focused on Germanization and racial policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The author compares the various concepts and plans for Germanization of this area, as well as the roles of the Land Office, preparation of Germanan colonization and other issues. The central part of the work, however, lies in the racial aspects of Germanization efforts. The author analyzes the "scientific" racial research at Charles German University's institutes (Schultz's Institute for Racial Biology, Thums' Institut for hereditary and racial hygiene and Müller's Institute for Social Anthropology and National Biology). Next the austhor deals with the practical implementation of racial policies towards Czechs during the WW2, focusing on the implementation of racial selection, organized by Race and Settlement Main Office of the SS (applicants for mixed marriages, studying at the German universities etc.). The results of these investigations are compiled and statistically evaluated. The work also includes analysis of selected issues related to racial and Germanization policy.Ústav historických vědDokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobo
Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies, vol. 5, 2024 : Commentary and Exegesis註釋與詮釋
No full textThe editorial committee is pleased to present volume 5 of the Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies, which opens with a special section on “Commentary and Exegesis”.編委會榮幸地推出《歐洲漢學學會學刊》第五期。本期特設“註釋與詮釋”專題，作為開篇內容。Keywords:Editorial, China, Sinology, Commentary, Exegesis, Hermeneutics關鍵詞：編委，中國，漢學，詮釋，批註，註釋，解讀 2Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies, vol. 5(2024)The editorial committee is pleased to present volume 5 of the Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studieswhich opens with a special issue section, dedicated to commentary and exegesis. This section starts with an introduction by Marie Bizais-Lillig, which delineates the contours of the topic under study. It is followed by ten research articles organised in chronological order within three large textual categories. We are extremely glad that the papers of the two finalists of the EACS 2024 Young Scholar Award fit in the special issue and, thanks to the efforts of their authors, could be integrated in this volume.The first category entitled “poetry and fiction” (shifu ji xiaoshuo詩賦及小說), spans from pre-imperial Chuci楚辭(Songs of Chu) to the contemporary novels of Yan Lianke. It starts with a long diachronic panorama on the interpretation of the Songs of Chufrom the Han down to the Qing dynasty, which Michael Schimmelpfennigchooses to analyse minutely by focusing on the poem “Yunzhong jun” 云中君(The Lord Amidst Clouds). The author identifies five landmarks, namely commentaries by Wang Yi 王逸(2nd century CE), the Tang dynasty Five Ministers 五臣commenting upon the Wenxuan文選pieces, Zhu Xi 朱熹(1130–1200), Wang Yuan 汪瑗(?–1565), and Lin Yunming 林雲銘(ca. 1628–1697), which operate as testimonies to the different choices commentators make when it comes to dividing a base text into meaningful segments, structuring a commentary, integrating external materials, associating texts, or identifying elements and personaewithin a text. Given that commentators were aware of their predecessors, adding a new stratum equates to accepting a challenge to promote one’s reading and interpretative techniques.In contrast, Olga Lomovánarrows down the attention to one single piece, the Shanju fu山居賦(Rhapsody on dwelling in the mountains) by Xie Lingyun 謝靈運(385–433), accompanied by one single commentary by the same author, the length of which is approximately similar to that of the fuproper. The article examines the different functions performed by the unprecedented device of zizhu自注(self-commentary) appended to a long poetic autobiography that describes the Southern estate where Xie Lingyun retired due to political turmoil. It argues that commentaries not only serve to shed light on meaning and intertextual references or funnel the interpretation: self-commentary anticipates the possible challenge to the imperial central power carried by the grand fustyle piece, and works as a muffler.Tian Xiaofei田曉菲takes a different stand on the role played by self-commentary in Xie Lingyun’s Rhapsody on dwelling in the mountainswhere she sees a means to individualise and substantiate a description that would otherwise echo the abstract rhetoric of the Han fu. The analysis of Xie Lingyun’s work inaugurates a larger reconstruction of the early history of self-commentary in the belletrist tradition, which shifts from rhapsody to shi詩poetry, continuing with Yan Zhitui 顔之推(531–590s) and Du Fu 杜甫(712–770) as exemplary figures. The paper shows how self-commentaries embody a wish to maintain the readability and to communicate the tone or the implications of a text for a larger audience—in time in particular. It also demonstrates how commentaries reveal deficiencies in a base text, impose themselves as necessary, and build a dialogic relationship with both the text and life. The paper finally suggests that the broad adoption of poetic auto-commentary from the late eighth century onwards reflects a transformation in the representation and value of the belletrist field. Editorial: Between the Lines3After a great leap in time that brings us to Yan Lianke 閻連科(1958–), Roman Lashininvites us to pay attention to two novels, namely Fengyasong風雅頌(Ballads, Hymns, Odes) and Jianying ru shui堅硬如水(Hard Like Water), whose titles are connected to the Shijing詩經(Classic of Poetry). This paper shows that the history and practice of Shijingexegesis were an inspiration to Yan Lianke and that, from many aspects, the tribulations and struggles of the novels’ main characters can be better understood if observed through the lenses of commentarial Confucian traditions on the love poems in the anthology. On the one hand, Yan’s work illustrates the tension between bodily desire and political discourse, along with the possible censorship this tension may produce. On theother, the novels evidence the socio-political power of words in a world continuously reinterpreted through a hermeneutic process that resembles commentarial discourse on texts.The second textual category, which corresponds to the traditional category of “history” (shi史), starts with a paper at the junction of literature and history by Evan Nicoll-Johnson. This article focuses on Liu Xiaobiao’s 劉孝標(462–521) annotations to the Shishuo xinyu世說新語(New stories from worldly talks) compiled by Liu Yiqing 劉義慶(403–444). A close examination of a set of annotations that contain quotations from the collected literary writings (bieji別集) of historical figures reveals the dialogic relationship established between the base text and the commentaries, to the point that the anecdotes may sometimes appear as subordinate to Liu Xiabiao’s text. Even more strikingly, the commentarial method twists the usual understanding of the anecdotes as testimonies of highly oral and performative social interactions: Liu Xiaobiao deciphers them from the standpoint of text, in a world where literary collections and texts (as opposed to masters’ texts zi子) gain more and more symbolic value.Hsienmin Chu 朱先敏sheds light on a complementary dimension of commentaries, that of memory and sensation, in an article dedicated to Li Daoyuan’s 酈道元(d. 527) Shuijing zhu水經注(Commentary on the Classic of Waterways) and Yang Xuanzhi’s 楊衒之(fl. 528–547) Luoyang qielan ji洛陽伽藍記(The Records of Buddhist Monasteries in Luoyang), to which is appended the author’s own commentary. Beside supplementing diverse types of information, mainly topographical, historical, and textual, both commentaries deepen the experience of the reader, mediated by accounts of perception of the landscapes. Annotators capture keywords and distinguish between seeing (jian見) and observing (guan觀), Hsienmin Chu argues, to highlight sensory experiences, which turn the objective world recorded in texts into something spectacular.The third and last category corresponds to masters’ texts, zi子, and the associated philosophical and religious debates. Shad Gilbertillustrates how a commentary, in this case Zhang Zhan’s 張湛(fl. 370 CE) annotations to the Liezi列子chapter “Heaven’s Gifts” (tianrui天瑞), can be read as a piece of intellectual work proper. This paper scrutinises the commentary almost independently from its base text to reconstruct Zhang Zhan’s perspective on the issue of ontological continuity. It thus shows how commentaries may be the place for parallel discourses, attached to a network of textsthanks to their physical position on the page. 4Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies, vol. 5(2024)In his paper on the case of Zheng Xuan’s 鄭玄(127‒200 CE) and Lu Zhi’s 盧植(?‒192) commentaries to the Notes on Mores(Liji 禮記), Marco Pougetreminds us that transmitted texts can be understood only within a historical context of reading, which is made available to us thanks to collections and fragments of commentaries. His analysis sheds light on the connexion, similarities, and contrast in reception and transmission of two commentaries from the same era. It shows how Eastern Han commentaries attached to canonical texts contributed to the prestige, and possibly promotion, of their author, and how this might explain that such commentaries mirrored individual hermeneutic practices rather than engaging in interpretative debates.Finally, Rusha Jin金如沙unpicks the dynamics underway in the process of quoting and paraphrasing from external sources in Zhanran’s 湛然(711–782) commentary to one of the “Three Major Works of Tiantai Buddhism”, namely the Mohe zhiguan摩訶止觀(The Great Cessation and Contemplation). Specifically, this paper focuses on the use of non-Buddhist sources in the commentary. Rusha Jin argues that non-Buddhist sources undertake multiple functions. On the one hand, they reflect Zhanran's training as a Confucian scholar, especially in the case of glosses and exposition of peripheral knowledge. On the other hand, non-Buddhist sources, which are clearly divided into Confucian and Daoist thought, embody the competition outside the text and serve to pursue the commentator's purpose of promoting the Tiantai tradition 天台宗. In other words, when deployed in doctrinal discussion, these sources reveal their alignment or their inferiority in relation to Buddhist doctrine.This volume contains one spotlight, linked to the special issue, which offers a counterpoint to our analysis of commentary and exegesis in China through displacement to a Japanese context. Michel Vieillard-Baronpresents a double commentary to the first anthology of Japanese poetry, the Kokin waka shū古今和歌集. The two layers of commentary were composed by two poets, Kenshō顕昭(1130?–1209)and Fujiwara no Teika 藤原定家(1162–1241), who represented to rival schools. The article includes extensive translations fromFujiwara no Teika’s afterword and from the annotated anthology. While we can find similarities in the commentaries, which supplement information both factual and lexical considered essential to the understanding of the poems, the contrast is also striking: this double commentary stands as an exception in a world where schools relied on oral transmission in order to protect the secret of their reading techniques, but where, as this case illustrates, their divergences in view are not always salient.The stand-alone research section of the volume consists of one article only. Su Qian's 蘇謙paper on “Epistolary Activities in the Early Southern Ming Period (1644–1652)”examines the circulation of letters by five Ming loyalists during the most active period of Ming resistance following the fall of Beijing. The collapse of the Ming postal system, followed by Qing repression of subversive activity, required these correspondents to find innovative ways of getting their letters to their intended recipients, who often included more than just the named addressee. Personal correspondence thus morphed into a means of circulating political and military intelligence between different regional bases of Ming resistance, in the absence of a functioning Ming governmental information system. The author Editorial: Between the Lines5thus argues that private correspondence during this fraught period was of much more than private significance.The editorial committee invites submission of research articles on any topic which pertains to the fields of Sinology, Chinese Studies or Taiwanese Studies. For any information on formats and submission process, please consult the journal website.Four book reviews provide critical perspectives on recent publications in English and Chinese. The selection consists of one translation review on pre-modern literature, and three book reviews ranging from the history of the Silk Road between 800 and 1000 to the avant-garde of the post-Maoist era, and reaching out to the dissemination and reception of Taiwanese literature in the contemporary world.The journal warmly welcomes reviews in English of sinological works and translations in all European languages as well as in Chinese.JEACSvolume 5 ends with the usual list of PhDs defended in 2024 in European Universities. Although the list is by no means exhaustive, we were able to gather 53dissertations. Besides abstracts and general information, links are provided when available to freely downloadable versions from their respective universities.Supervisors and successful doctoral candidates are encouraged to send information about their dissertation to the editorial board at any time using the online form accessible at this address.This volume benefitted from the arrival on the editorial committee of Elizabeth Smithrosser, a specialist in intellectual history whose research interest lies in the study of humour and publishing in late imperial China.
