1,721,918 research outputs found
La nouvelle problématique de la production de légumes en Asie
No full textMubarik Ali. La nouvelle problématique de la production de légumes en Asie. In: Tiers-Monde, tome 39, n°153, 1998. Sécurité alimentaire et question agraire, sous la direction de Maxime Haubert et Georges Courade. pp. 87-101
Family altruism and incentives
Full text linkThe author builds on the altruistic model of the family, to explore the strategic interaction between altruistic parents, and selfish children, when children's efforts are endogenous. If there is uncertainty about the amount of income the children will realize, and if parents have imperfect information, the children have an incentive to exert little effort, and to rely on their parent's altruistically motivated transfers. Because of this, parents face a tradeoff between the insurance that bequests implicitly provide their children, and the disincentive to work prompted by their altruism. The author shows that if parents can credibly commit to a pattern of transfers, they will choose not to compensate children in bad outcomes, as much as predicted by the standard (no uncertainty, no asymmetric information) dynastic model of the family. Alternatively, parents may choose to forgo any insurance, and offer a fixed level of bequest, to elicit greater effort from their children. The optimal transfers structure that the author derives, reconciles the predictions of the altruistic family model, with much of the existing evidence on inter-generational transfers, which suggests that parents compensate only partially, or not at all, for earnings differentials among their children. Moreover, the author shows that Ricardian equivalence holds in this setup, except when non-negativity constraints are binding.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Economics&Finance,Educational Sciences,Safety Nets and Transfers
The Australian annuity market
Full text linkIn Australia, a means-tested old-age public pension is paid from general tax revenues. A full pension (equivalent to roughly a quarter of the average wage) is currently paid to more than half the aged population, and a reduced pension is paid to another quarter of the aged population. About 20 percent receive no old-age public pension because of the level of their income or assets. There is also a compulsory system under which employers contribute at least 7 percent of salaries into a superannuation plan for the vast majority of employees. (This minimum rate will gradually rise to 9 percent in 2002.) More than 80 percent of superannuation benefits are received as lump sums; when public sector employees are excluded, the figure rises to almost 90 percent. The market for private life annuities with longevity insurance is very small. Greater use is made of allocated annuities, which are similar to income drawdowns in the United Kingdom or scheduled withdrawals in Latin American countries. The value of life annuities, measured by the money's worth ratio, compares favorably with that of annuities available in the United Kingdom and United States. But these ratios are calculated on the basis of conservative government bond yields. Many investors prefer allocated annuities--which are perceived to offer considerable advantages in flexibility and higher potential returns--despite the absence of longevity insurance.Insurance&Risk Mitigation,Pensions&Retirement Systems,Economic Theory&Research,Health Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies
ESR 6: Closing Presentation - Consumer practices in a circular society
No full textClosing Presentation by ESR 6 Mubarik Rabiu on "Consumer practices in a circular society". Talk delivered in the Network-Wide Training Event 7 of C-PlaNeT EU H2020 project at AUTH, in Thessaloniki, Greece
Embracing the Smart Revolution:Smart Supply Chain Management
No full textIn today’s globalized world, supply chains (SCs) face unprecedented challenges, including increasing complexity, demand for sustainability, and the need for resilience against disruptions. Traditional SCM methods struggle to cope with these demands, leaving businesses vulnerable. However, the advent of modern digital technologies, such as IoT, AI, blockchain, and big data analytics, presents new opportunities to transform SCs into more intelligent, efficient, and adaptive systems. These technologies enable the creation of Smart SCs, which promise to address the intricate challenges of the current era. This chapter aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of what a smart SC is and why it is crucial for the future of global business. It also seeks to explore the current state of smart SC development and to offer insights into its potential future trajectory. By the end of the chapter, readers will have a clear grasp of the importance of smart SCs, how they can solve contemporary SC issues, and what the future might hold for this rapidly evolving field. The chapter begins by contextualizing the SC in the present era, identifying the key challenges that necessitate a shift towards smarter solutions. It then delves into the concept of the smart SC, explaining its core components and how it differs from traditional models. The chapter further explores how smart SCs can address modern challenges, including sustainability, resilience, and performance enhancement. Following this, the chapter assesses the status of smart SCs, evaluating how far they have progressed and what gaps remain. Finally, the chapter looks ahead, discussing the future potential of smart SCs before concluding with key takeaways that set the stage for the rest of the book.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Fathered Alone Raised Together: A Discourse on the Role of Human Capital and Human Capital Resource Leading to Innovative Work Behaviour of Employees
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