1,721,332 research outputs found
On being nurtured while depressed
No full textThis study sought to uncover an understanding of the phenomenon of being nurtured while being treated for depression as an in-patient in a psychiatric hospital. The literature review undertaken for the study revealed that the phenomenon of being nurtured is poorly understood and that there is little research on this important topic. Nursing ,practice fosters the opportunity for interpersonal, professional nurturance between nurse and client, and promotes the growth and development of the client. Yet, nurturance is described in the nursing literature as an aspect of care giving rather than as a concept in its own right.\ud
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Care giving has been given priority in the nursing literature, but despite the quantity of literature which is mainly from the health professional's perspective, the term care has become a commonplace expression. The, identification of care with the emotions creates confusion for nurses who want to provide professional client care without becoming unduly involved with the client. It is suggested that the nursing profession consider nurturance as a more suitable term to describe nursing practice, as nurturance has not become a commonplace phrase and it is not in itself an emotional term.\ud
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The literature on depression informs us that the depressive disorder is very common in Western society. Although there are numerous studies investigating depression, the majority of these are from the perspective of the health professional rather than the individual diagnosed with the depressive illness. Thus, the strength of this study is that it investigates the phenomenon of depression from the perspective of the patient's experience, rather than from the scientific or natural attitude adopted from the perspective of the health professional.\ud
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The study was guided by Husserlian phenomenology and the Giorgi (1975) approach to phenomenological data analysis. Seven individuals who were hospitalised with a diagnosis of major depressive illness were asked to participate in the study. Each participant was asked to describe their experience of being nurtured in weekly interviews conducted throughout the period they were in hospital. The number of interviews conducted with each participant varied from one to ten. The investigator's experience of data analysis highlighted the difficulties of the phenomenological reduction, particulary when the participants' suffered loss of memory following treatment with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Although the difficulties of bracketing of one's assumptions are raised, the investigator concluded that the phenomenological reduction is the strength of the phenomenological method and thus must not be cast aside without adequate consideration.\ud
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The participants' described the moments of nurturance as being related to the nurse's reassuring presence, especially when their communications were sincere and portrayed an interest in the patient as a person. The study promotes the need for nurses to set aside their natural and scientific assumptions so that they may understand patient's experiences from the lifeworld. Nurses who are able to adopt this attitude will accept the patient's experience and take the opportunity to understand them. Thus, the patient's experience is no longer seen as being as a result of their symptomatology but as an expression of the human need for nurturance
Living with loss: Dementia and the family caregiver
No full textTwo focus group interviews with 15 relatives,
investigated family caregivers’ perceptions of having a
relative in a dementia care unit. Data analysis revealed
the significant theme of living with loss. The results
demonstrate that the burden of care giving creates
growing stress and tension that continues even when
the family member is placed into a residential care
setting. The findings suggest that health professionals
must be prepared to assist family members with the
anticipatory grieving of losses that accrue with the
changing relationship with the relative and health
care staff. Furthermore, there is a need to look for a
means of helping and supporting family caregivers
so that they can develop a sense of satisfaction and
accomplishment in their care giving role.Griffith Health, School of Nursing and MidwiferyFull Tex
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Creating a Dementia-Friendly Environment Through the Use of an Outdoor Natural Landscape Design in a Residential Aged Care Facility
No full textBackground: People with dementia living in institutionalised residential aged care facilities (RACFs) may manifest behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), such as agitation and apathy, resulting from their unmet needs. These unmet needs are often due to inappropriate environmental conditions, including excessive or insufficient levels of stimulation in the environment and limited opportunities for engagement. In response to these shortcomings, there has been a recent trend to improve the quality of RACF environments through the de-institutionalisation of facilities by the creation of dementia-friendly environments (DFEs) incorporating outdoor natural landscapes, such as gardens, into RACFs. Garden elements, for example, green spaces and blue spaces, have been shown to have positive impacts on the health and well-being of individuals, and this includes for older people with dementia. In the past few years, several new initiatives have been attempted to enable people with dementia to take advantage of the potential benefits of gardens by encouraging residents to spend more time in the gardens and to actively engage with garden-related activities. It has been found that to maximise the potential benefits of gardens for people with dementia, eight DFE characteristics can be incorporated into their design. However, to date, there is very little evidence about the positive outcomes of a garden that has been created with DFE characteristics on agitation, apathy and engagement for older people with dementia living in RACFs. This is due to both the paucity of studies and the limitations of previous studies, for example, the use of weak methodological approaches as well as the lack of environmental assessment of the gardens and the exclusion of an architectural design phase. Therefore, this current study aims to fill the gaps in the existing studies.
Objectives: This research aims to determine the effect of a garden which had been improved according to the DFE characteristics on the level of agitation, apathy, and engagement of people with dementia living in a RACF in Queensland.
Methods: This study utilised a single case study design involving two units of analysis: (1) a garden and (2) 10 people with dementia living in one RACF. This study is organised into three phases. Phase One consisted of an environmental assessment of the selected RACF garden via the Dementia Therapeutic Garden Audit Tool and an interview with the gardener of the facility, as well as the recruitment of 10 participants and the compiling of their social biographies in order to understand the participants’ needs and interests. In Phase Two, the chosen garden, Ruby Garden, improvements were identified which addressed the DFE deficiencies found during the environmental assessment in Phase One. Following this, a 3D model of the garden was created to incorporate and visualise the DFE characteristics. After the garden beds were prepared, the items consisting of softscapes and hardscapes were incorporated into the Ruby Garden based on the model created. In Phase Three, the participants were taken into the garden to experience the improved garden for 20 sessions, 5 days a week for 4 weeks, each session lasting 60 minutes. During this period, the participants’ levels of agitation, apathy and engagement was assessed. Assessment of agitation was conducted pre- (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 5). On-site observations of engagement and apathy were conducted pre-intervention (Week 0) over one session and once a week during the 4-week intervention period except for Week 1, when two assessments took place (i.e., beginning (Week 1-1) and end (Week 1-2) of the week). At Week 8, a follow-up assessment was undertaken to determine whether the intervention effects on agitation, engagement and apathy were sustained over time. Participants’ activities in the garden were also observed every day at 10-minute intervals over the 4-week intervention period from the time they entered the garden until they left. Post-intervention qualitative interviews with the 10 participants with dementia and 10 staff were also conducted to seek their views on the improved garden.
Results: The results of the environmental assessment via the Dementia Therapeutic Garden Audit Tool carried out in Phase One showed the original garden to be a poor environment for people with dementia with more than half of the assessing questions (39 out of 74 questions) scoring 0-1 (i.e., poor). The Ruby Garden was found to be successful (score of 3) in only 21 out of 74 questions. The lack of the eight DFE characteristics, particularly those concerning sensory stimulation and meaningful engagement, was noted in the Ruby Garden original design. Participants also highlighted the need for these two characteristics while their social biographies were being collected. In Phase Two the results of the post-design assessment of the garden showed that the garden was improved from the perspectives of all eight DFE characteristics. In total, the evaluation showed an increase in the total number of questions scoring very good (score of 3), from 21 for the environmental assessment phase (i.e., Phase One), to 36 for the post design assessment of the garden (i.e., Phase Two). Likewise, sensory stimulation and meaningful engagement, which were identified as the characteristics with the greater number of poor scores in Phase One, were improved in the number of questions scoring 2 or 3 (i.e., moderately good or very good) from 3 to 12 (out of 12) and from 0 to 4 (out of 7), respectively. In Phase Three the quantitative findings of the assessment of agitation of participants at Week 0 (baseline), Week 5 (post-intervention) and Week 8 (follow-up), assessed through the Cohen Mansfield agitation inventory-short form (CMAI-SF), demonstrated no significant improvement in the level of agitation following visits to the improved garden (χ 2 (2) = 5.167, p = .076). However, the results showed an increase in the level of participants’ engagement and a reduction in their level of apathy following the intervention. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference in participants’ level of engagement between Week 0 (before intervention) and during the intervention (Week 1-1, p < .01; Week 1-2, p < .01; Week 2, p < .01; Week 3, p < .05; Week 4 p < .05), where the level of engagement was higher than that before the intervention. Furthermore, the assessment of participants’ level of engagement at follow-up (Week 8) demonstrated a significantly lower level of engagement when compared to the 4 weeks of intervention (Week 1-1, p < .01; Week 1-2, p < .05; Week 2, p < .05; Week 3, p < .05; Week 4 p <.05). Similarly, the statistical analysis found a higher level of apathy in participants at Week 0 (before intervention) when compared to during the intervention (Week 1-1, p < .05; Week 1-2, p < .01; Week 2, p < .05; Week 3, p < .01; Week 4 p < .01). A significant difference was also found in participants’ level of apathy when comparing Week 8 (follow-up) and during Week 1-2 (p < .05), Week 2 (p < .05), Week 3 (p < .01) and Week 4 of the intervention (p < .05), where the level of apathy was higher at follow-up than during the intervention. A combination of deductive (concept-driven) and inductive (data-driven) thematic analysis was employed to analyse the qualitative data. Three themes were developed via the deductive approach: the presence of sensory provoking elements in the garden, meaningful engagement in the garden, and accessibility of the garden, which indicated that the improved garden was successful in providing such DFE characteristics. Moreover, two themes emerged from the inductive approach: garden impacts and garden experiences. The findings of the inductive approach showed that the improved garden had several benefits for people with dementia, staff members and families. The garden was perceived by the interviewees to improve the mood and restless behaviours of people with dementia as well as the mood of the staff members and families. The inductive qualitative results also indicated that the majority of people with dementia and other residents had a good perception and positive feedback on the garden. Nevertheless, they recommended some solutions for improving the garden, which need to be considered in the future development of the garden.
Conclusions: The results of this case study demonstrated that the garden, which was improved in line with DFE characteristics, had positive outcomes for people with dementia. This finding validates and supports several previous studies reviewed in the area of creating such gardens, which showed the positive outcomes of the gardens for people with dementia. This study is the first known case study that comprehensively assessed the environment before the design, collected the participants’ social biographies and also created a 3D model for improvement of the garden. Also, it is the first intervention study that evaluated the impacts of an enhanced garden on the level of apathy as an outcome measure and it also showed promising results. Thus, this study can lay a foundation for future studies in this area.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Nursing and MidwiferyGriffith HealthFull Tex
Improving Emotional Care For Childbearing Women: An Intervention Study
No full textChildbirth can be associated with short and long-term psychological morbidity including depression, anxiety and trauma symptoms. Some previous studies have used psychological interventions to reduce postpartum distress but have primarily focussed on attempting to relieve symptoms of depression with little recognition of trauma symptoms. Furthermore, the intervention used in these studies has generally been poorly documented. The first aim of the present study was to develop a counselling framework, suitable for use by midwives, to address psychological trauma following childbirth. Multiple methods were used to develop the intervention including focus groups with women and midwives. Both the women and midwives gave unequivocal support for postpartum debriefing. Themes that emerged from the focus groups with women included the need for opportunities to talk about their birth experience, an explanation of events, an exploration of alternative courses of action that may have resulted in a different birth experience, talking about their feelings such as loss, fear, anger and self-blame, discussing social support, and discussing possible future childbearing. There was a high level of agreement between the women's and midwives' views. These themes were synthesized with contemporary literature describing counselling interventions to assist in reconciling a distressing birth experience and a model for understanding women's distressing birth experiences to develop a counselling framework. The counselling intervention was then tested using a randomised controlled study involving 400 women recruited from antenatal clinics of three public hospitals. When interviewed within seventy-two hours of birth, 103 women reported a distressing birth experience and were then randomised into either the treatment or control group. Women in the intervention group had the opportunity to debrief at the initial postpartum interview (< 72 hours postpartum) and at four to six weeks postpartum. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder was quite high; 9.6% of participants meeting the diagnostic criteria for acute PTSD at four to six weeks postpartum. Fewer participants (3.5%) met the diagnostic criteria for chronic PTSD at three months postpartum. As with previous research relating to childbearing women, few demographic factors or antenatal psychological factors were associated with the development of a PTSD symptom profile following childbirth. The development of PTSD symptom profile was strongly associated with obstetric intervention and a perception of poor care in labour. This finding is also consistent with previous research. Emotional distress was reduced for women in the intervention group in relation to the number of PTSD symptoms [t (101) = 2.144, p = .035], depression [c2 (1) = 9.188, p = .002], stress [c2 (1) = 4.478, p = .029] and feelings of self-blame [t (101) = -12.424, p <.001]. Confidence about a future pregnancy was higher for these women [t (101) = -9.096, p <.001]. Although there was not a statistically significant difference in the number of women with a PTSD symptom profile at three months postpartum, fewer women in the intervention group (n=3) than in the control group (n=9) met PTSD criteria. Likewise, there were fewer women in the intervention group (n=1) with anxiety levels above mild than in the control group (n=6). Importantly, this study found that offering women who have had a traumatic birth the opportunity for counselling using the framework documented in this dissertation was not harmful. This finding is in contrast to previous findings of other studies. The intervention was well received by participants. All the women in the intervention group found the counselling sessions helped them come to terms with their birth experience. Maternity service providers need to be cognizant of the prevalence of this debilitating condition and be able to identify women at risk for early intervention and referral to a mental health practitioner if appropriate. This research offers further support for the compelling need to implement changes to the provision of maternity services that reduce rates of obstetric intervention and humanise service delivery as a means of primary prevention of birth-related PTSD.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of NursingFull Tex
Self-Efficacy, Outcome Expectations, Functional Status and Quality of Life for Older People during Rehabilitation
No full textAgeing has been recognised as a major concern in most industrialised countries. Many older people may experience functional disability due to falls, injury or disease, which later results in surgical procedures. Rehabilitation programs have been considered as the better option for maintaining and restoring functional ability. Successful rehabilitation depends to a great extent on building older people‘s confidence in adherence to exercise programs. However, there is limited information about the influence of self-efficacy and outcome expectations on functional status and quality of life (QoL). This current study investigated older people‘s self-efficacy and outcome expectations in functional status and QoL following orthopaedic surgery during the rehabilitation process. This study also aimed to identify the strategies used by older people in managing home rehabilitation after discharge from hospital.
A mixed method research design was used in this study. The quantitative aspect of this study involved a descriptive, three-staged longitudinal study. A cohort of 108 older people was recruited within 72 hours of admission to the geriatric rehabilitation units at a private hospital in Brisbane (stage one). Participants were surveyed in a face-to-face interview using a set of standardised questionnaires, including the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), short Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Self-efficacy for Functional Activity Scale (SEFA), Outcome Expectations for Functional Activity Scale (OEFA), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Australian WHOQOL-BREF. Participants were again interviewed in hospital within 72 hours of each participant‘s discharge (stage two) and six weeks after discharge from hospital (stage three) by telephone interviews or mailed completed surveys.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Nursing and MidwiferyGriffith HealthFull Tex
An Investigation of Aromatherapy and Hand Massage on Disruptive Behaviour in People with Dementia
No full textAgitation and aggression are some of the most difficult behaviour symptoms to
manage in older people living with dementia. These disruptive behaviours can lead to
staff injury and burnout, decreased job satisfaction, as well as recruitment and
retention challenges. Disruptive behaviours can also influence the quality of care
received by residents. Therefore management of such behaviours is paramount to staff
satisfaction and quality of care. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
therapies such as aromatherapy and massage have been applied to a range of health
problems including dementia. Such therapies have become popular in residential care
and in some cases additional cost for these therapies are invoiced to residents. While
both aromatherapy and hand massage therapies have been reported to have some
benefit in people with dementia, there are a number of limitations in the research
design of reported studies.
This study aimed to overcome some of the design problems of previous studies to
investigate the effect of Aromatherapy (3% lavender angustifolia mist) with or
without hand massage (five minutes with aqua cream) on disruptive behaviour in
people with dementia living in residential aged care facilities (RACF). Sixty-one
residents with a diagnosis of dementia and a history of disruptive behaviour from
three RACF were randomized into three groups: (1) Combination (aromatherapy and
hand massage), (2) Aromatherapy, (3) Control (placebo). The intervention was given
twice a day, at two time periods, 9am to 11am and 2pm to 4pm, seven days a week for
six weeks. Data (resident behaviour and cognition) were collected using three
instruments: MMSE (pre and post intervention), Cohen-Mansfield Agitation
Inventory (CMAI) and Revised Memory and Behaviour Problems Checklist (RMBPC)
at 5 time periods: pre-intervention, week 2 and week 4, at the end of the intervention
period (week 6), and 6 weeks post-intervention.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Nursing and MidwiferyGriffith HealthFull Tex
Nursing Documentation and Quality of Care in Residential Aged Care in Queensland
No full textLittle is known about the relationship between registered nurses’ (RNs’) knowledge of nursing documentation, their attitudes towards this documentation, and how they perceive the importance of the forms used in the documentation process within residential aged care. The current study has several aims. This investigation sought to gain a measure of RNs’ knowledge of, and attitudes towards documentation, and assess their perception of the importance of forms used to document care.
There were two phases of study. Study 1 utilised a cross-sectional, retrospective design with a large sample of RNs (n = 360) who completed Edelstein’s (1990) modified questionnaire to identify factors that influence nurses’ documentation in residential aged care in Queensland. A factor analysis was undertaken to extract influencing factors.
The second study developed and tested a conceptual model of nursing practice and quality of care to determine relationships between the factors under investigation. This phase used a smaller sample of RNs (n = 46). Participating RNs were asked to provide personal characteristics (e.g. age, gender, first nursing qualification and studies in aged care) and to complete Edelstein’s (1990) modified questionnaire. A chart audit was conducted on residents’ records where the resident required interventions for challenging behaviour. Relatives of residents whose charts were audited also completed a survey to measure their perceived satisfaction with care of their family member. Finally, a model of the relationships between documentation and outcome measures was developed on the basis of prior literature and previous empirical studies. This model was labelled “The Nursing Practice and Quality of Care Model”. This model was then tested with a smaller sample of RNs, seeking to find out if it appropriately represented the relationships that exist between RN documentation and outcomes.
Edelstein’s (1990) modified questionnaire was demonstrated to have acceptable reliability and validity. Results of Study 1 revealed that RNs working in aged care in Queensland have high levels of knowledge about documentation, and consider the forms they use to document care to be very important, but have mixed attitudes towards documentation. Several issues influenced the results for the knowledge and attitude scales. These included knowledge factors such as care-reporting guidelines, nurse time issues, legal issues and quality of reporting. Attitudes were influenced by charting, practice and policy issues. These findings provide important information on what variables affect RNs’ documentation.
The RN participants in Study 2 were comparable to the national and state figures for RN aged care demographics (Hsu, Moyle, Creedy, & Venturato, 2005; Richardson & Martin, 2004). Overall, the findings of Edelstein’s (1990) modified questionnaire in Study 2 were consistent with Study 1, although different relationships were found between the knowledge and attitude factors. The chart audit revealed that although RNs did complete most items on the forms, no form was fully complete, and suggests that RNs are not generally fully compliant with nursing documentation requirements in residential aged care. Relatives of aged care residents were generally happy with the level of care for their family member, but felt that individual issues such as leisure and activity programs, meals, and dining services could be improved.
Analysis of “The Nursing Practice and Quality of Care Model” involved structural equation modeling (SEM) to determine the relationship between experiences, knowledge and attitudes toward nursing documentation, compliance with writing nursing documentation and relatives’ satisfaction. Testing revealed that the model was generally a good fit; however, only some variables predicted to be included in the model were significant. Of greatest interest was the strong predictive relationship between care reporting guidelines and caring behaviour, which suggested that the more RNs knew about documentation, the better they were able to care for residents with challenging behaviour. Positive attitudes to policy issues by RNs, and high completion of charting review items also predicted better outcomes for residents. RNs who had studies in aged care showed a relationship with quality issues suggested that the more education RNs completed the more they knew about quality issues. However, there were some significant negative predictive relationships between variables such as quality issues and caring behaviour that were not anticipated. Overall results suggest that some RN documentation factors did significantly predict residents’ quality of care. This is an important step forward in finding ways to improve the care of residents in aged care facilities.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Nursing and MidwiferyGriffith HealthFull Tex
Self-Compassion and Family Carers of Older Adults
No full textBackground: Providing care to an older family member can negatively impact the psychological health and wellbeing of the carer. Interventions that cultivate self-compassion have demonstrated efficacy in supporting psychological health and wellbeing among various populations. However, there is limited research into self-compassion with family carers of older adults, and there are no interventions that target self-compassion for this group specifically. Aim and Objectives: This PhD study aimed to plan and design a self-compassion intervention for family carers of older adults. It had three objectives: identify and review evidence to determine current knowledge about family carers of older adults and self-compassion; identify and develop an evidence-based theory of the likely or anticipated process of change in a self-compassion intervention for family carers of older adults; and identify the key design objectives and key features of the self-compassion intervention for use with family carers of older adults.
Design and Assumptions: The PhD study was underpinned by pragmatism and used evidence-based, theory-based, person-based, and co-design approaches to intervention development. It had a sequential mixed model design that was structured into three stages: Stage I – reviewing the evidence-base; Stage II – identifying and developing theory; and Stage III – qualitative research and co-design. Stage I Methods and Findings: Stage I encompassed two reviews: an integrative review of self-compassion and health outcomes for family carers of older adults; and a scoping review of mindfulness- and compassion-based interventions with family carers of older adults. The reviews confirmed compassion and mindfulness for family carers of older adults as developing areas of interest. For self-compassion in particular, the reviews also found that studies conducted to date were limited in number, scope, and quality. Stage II Methods and Findings: Stage II involved a conceptual analysis and a cross-sectional survey. The conceptual analysis outlined a theoretical rationale for self-compassion as an intervention target for family carers of older adults and explored the potential mechanism of change. This rationale was tested and confirmed in an international cross-sectional survey of family carers of older adults. The survey included self-report measures of compassion for self, to others, from others; mindfulness; depression, anxiety, stress; coping strategies; and emotion regulation difficulties; and eight free-text comment boxes. Confirmatory factor analyses (n = 171) established the validity of the Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales with the study population. Path analysis (n = 139) found increased self-compassion and dispositional mindfulness was significantly associated with lower psychological distress (R2 = .65), and this was mediated by reduced emotion regulation difficulties (R2 = .52). Qualitative content analysis (n = 105 participants, 245 comments) identified that: family carers perceived a lack of compassion for themselves and from others; there were several barriers to carers’ openness to receiving compassion; and advanced needs of the care recipient negatively influenced carers’ compassion. Stage III Methods and Findings: Stage III included qualitative interviews and co-design activities. Interviews exploring perceptions and contextual issues relevant to the intervention’s development were conducted with 14 family carers of people living with dementia (Australia) and 14 professional stakeholders (Australia and UK). Reflexive thematic analysis identified that the intervention should target family carers of people living with dementia specifically; be situated within the concept of compassion more broadly; address misperceptions, fears, blocks, and resistances to self-compassion; and target feelings of shame, guilt, and self-criticism. Intervention guiding principles, psychological theory, and a co-design group (n = 6 Australian-based family carers of people living with dementia) further informed the intervention’s design. Collectively, this process determined that the needs of family carers of people living with dementia were best met by tailoring an existing intervention: group-based Compassion-Focused Therapy. Conclusions: Using a systematic and comprehensive approach to planning and designing an intervention, this PhD study established the current state of knowledge within the field; proposed, tested, and confirmed a conceptual model about the role of compassion and its mechanism of change in the psychological health of family carers of older adults; and validated a measure of compassion with the study population. Based on the needs, preferences, and co-design input of intended intervention users, the PhD study also defined the key design objectives and key features of the self-compassion intervention. Overall, group-based Compassion-Focused Therapy for family carers of people living with dementia was identified as an optimum intervention.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Nursing & MidwiferyGriffith HealthFull Tex
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