1,720,997 research outputs found
Cost-benefit analysis
Full text linkCost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) measures a project's societal value by quantifying the project's societal effects and making costs and benefits comparable in monetary terms. CBA is the most widely applied tool for the appraisal of transport projects. This chapter aims to provide an up-to-date overview of recent literature regarding the application and the development of CBA in the context of Transport Policy and Planning. We describe the history of CBA and its foundations in welfare economics. We review literature on recent developments and debates regarding the method as well as the literature on the implementation of CBA in practice. Finally, we describe research challenges related to CBA: which questions regarding applying CBA for Transport Policy and Planning need to be answered in future research?</p
Comparing cost-benefit analysis and multi-criteria analysis
Full text linkWe provide an in-depth comparison of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and multi-criteria analysis (MCA) by, among other things, reviewing the literature which elaborates on the differences between both methods. The root of all the differences between the two methods is that welfare economics provides strict procedures for conducting a CBA, whereas MCA methods are not based on this theory which gives MCA analysts a relatively large degree of freedom when conducting the appraisal. We identified five inherent differences between the two methods: (1) a CBA investigates how citizens and firms that are affected by a transport project experience the impacts of the project, whereas a MCA is based on the judgments of experts and/or stakeholders who might not experience any impacts of a transport project themselves; (2) a CBA only includes the impacts that affect the welfare of individuals, whereas MCA analysts have the full freedom to include every possible impact in their studies; (3) CBA measures a project's societal value by making impacts of transport projects comparable in monetary terms using the notion of individuals' willingness to pay. The aggregation of impacts/criteria in a MCA can be partly based on translating impacts/criteria into monetary terms, but the aggregation is also based on at least one other weighting method (e.g., scoring or ranking); (4) CBA inherently accounts for the fact that social impacts of transport projects occur over a number of periods by discounting future impacts of the project, whereas the time dimension is rarely included in a MCA; (5) the final indicators of a CBA communicate very clearly and are therefore easy to use in the media and the public/political debate. The interpretation of the outcome of a MCA is relatively unclear. This chapter closes with conducting a CBA and a MCA for a fictious transport project to illustrate the differences between the two methods.</p
Appraisal of freight projects and policies
No full textFreight transport systems are facing ever-growing demand and increasingly stringent requirements. Governments are pressured to develop new policies and fund new projects that drive forward the freight transport systems. We provide an overview of typical evaluation approaches used for freight transport policies and projects, from the public policy perspective. We make a simple introduction to the freight transport system, including the most representative agents and components. We introduce a basic framework, briefly reviewing some key literature on the topic and describe the salient features of the state of freight transport appraisal practice today. We also introduce the main freight transport modeling approaches that support project appraisal. We distinguish three types of freight projects according to their geographical scope—global, national and local level—as the appraisal techniques differ. Cost-Benefit Analysis is the prevalent technique in global level projects and very common in national level projects. Multicriteria Analysis type approaches dominate at the local level. Finally, we identify research challenges related to appraisal of freight transport projects and policies.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Transport and PlanningTransport and Logistic
The value of a statistical life
No full textThe monetary value of preventing one statistical death is usually defined as the value of a statistical life (VSL), which is the focus of this chapter. It represents how much society would be willing to spend to prevent one unidentified death, but since no easily available prices exist for this value, non-market valuation approaches like stated- (SP) and revealed-preference (RP) methods need to be used to obtain it. We will in the chapter describe the theoretical economic model behind the VSL concept and the most common empirical SP and RP techniques used to obtain monetary estimates of the VSL
Permanent Organisation of the Olympic Games in Greece: Infrastructure and Technology Management Issues
No full textManagement of Technology (MoT
Understanding barriers to CO<sub>2</sub> abatement: The Y-factor applied
No full textBarriers to CO2 abatement impede their materialisation. In this research the Y-factor was used in expert interviews to gather information on the barriers to the materialisation of four abatement options in the Netherlands: Insulation, Carbon Capture Storage, Biofuels and Geothermal energy. The potential of these options for the Netherlands is relevant, although no acceleration of their realisation has taken place. The Y-factor proved to be a suitable research method to systematically research materialisation barriers from a system’s perspective as it included barriers related to costs and financing, multi-actor complexity, physical interdependencies and behaviour. The supporting stories of the barrier scores and links between barriers revealed the complexity of materialisation. Additional scoping of abatement options and clarification of barrier definitions can increase informative value of the supporting stories and increase the scoring quality. Researching abatement options when using a system’s perspective can improve the understanding of barriers to CO2 abatement.Complex Systems Engineering and Management (CoSEM
Energy Justice For Real: Participation, responsibility and power
Full text linkThis thesis is about equity considerations in climate change and the energy transition. My goal is to demonstrate the importance of these when making public decisions. I do it this way: first, I emphasize the importance of access to clean energy. Such access is necessary to address concerns around climate change and ensure access to basic needs. Therefore, I argue that the public must play an important role in making those decisions. I support that idea based on empirical research in the social sciences, which suggests that public resistance to renewable energy projects stems from a lack of trust in how those decisions are made. Further empirical evidence shows that the public often contributes valuable insights. These make decisions fairer and therefore more likely to be implemented. The norm is to focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Based on this research, I offer an alternative. The focus should be on structural measures, as an appropriate response to a structural problem. I also argue that this approach is not only fairer, but also plays a role in addressing or even dismantling the main obstacle to fair and effective climate policy. The results of my research point to economic power as that obstacle
Measuring citizen preferences for the Dutch Education Open Data Policy: A Path towards Citizen-Informed Decision Making
No full textThis thesis discusses the way individuals in their role as citizens make trade-offs between open education data attributes. The Dutch government agencies lack of insight in the citizen preferences for open data policy attributes lead them to evaluate and develop their open data policy only from the data provider perspective. In order to address the problem, this research aims to identify the citizens preferences for the open education data policy using the citizens stated choice experiments. The experiment is based on Random Utility Maximization theory, the study infers the citizen preferences of open education data attributes based on their choices for several hypothetical open education data policy. The study combines 4 attributes with 3 attribute levels to create the hypothetical open education data policy: mode of information presentation, number of free engaging hackathon events, number of free citizen data skill training events, and risk of your personal data exposed to the public. The citizens significantly value risk of your personal data exposed to the public and mode of information presentation. Government agencies have limited option if it wants to extend the open education data implementation because citizens reluctance to compromise the data protection attribute. This research is a first attempt to extend citizen stated choice experiment approach for the valuation of citizen preferences in the context of open education data policy. It provides an alternative method for governments to evaluate and develop their open data policy alongside the commonly used government/data provider perspectiveComplex Systems Engineering and Management (CoSEM
Using the Participatory Value Evaluation methodology to discover influences of risk acceptance on preferences for risk mitigation: A case-study on gas induced earthquakes in Groningen
No full textRecent years the Netherlands have been shocked by a series of earthquakes. Normally an earthquake would be considered as a natural hazard, however extracting gas induces these earthquakes. Whenever a hazard is induced, it is perceived as man-made and therefore controllable. This leads to differences in risk acceptance in relation to natural hazards. When ambiguity about risks exists, a participatory strategy should be used with involvement of the local community. In cases of induced hazards, low trust between local communities and authorities exists, leading to ineffective risk mitigation. The first step of improving mitigation measures is finding out whether differences in risk acceptance lead to differences in mitigation measure preferences. In this paper this research objective is carried out by gathering data in the earthquake area in Groningen with the Participatory Value Evaluation (PVE) method. Next the data is analysed using factor analysis and logistic regression. Based on the results is concluded that citizens with lower trust in authorities prefer measures that directly target the consequences of the induced hazard. While citizens with more trust in authorities and more belief in the benefits of the activity causing the hazard are more open for measures that target the indirect consequences of the hazard. During this research, assumptions were made to construct the context of the PVE method. To improve the validity of this research it is suggested to repeat the research with different variables.Complex Systems Engineering and Management (CoSEM
Impact of individual traffic management on liveability
No full textLimited quantitative research exists on the effects of individual traffic management on four liveability aspects: travel time, air quality, noise, and accident risk. The aim of this research is to get an insight in how these effects on liveability can be improved using ITM, given road users willingness to comply with given advice. Literature research is used to provide an insight in factors influencing compliance. Furthermore, an optimisation model in Excel comprising LTM, individual route guidance, and effect estimation is built. The model is tested across three cases and multiple scenarios varying in compliance rate, objective, and distribution of unguided traffic. The achievability of effects is complex: depending on network haracteristics and compliance assumed different impacts can be found. In general, the best results are obtained with advice aiming at a more balanced distribution of traffic. However, the weight attached to local residents is of strong influence on the optimal distribution. An important limitation of this research is that the optimisation model only considers effects in upcoming time step, causing extreme advice with negative effects on liveability. For future research it is therefore important to consider the effects in multiple time steps ahead.Transport, Infrastructure and Logistic
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