1,720,999 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Nicotine reinforcement and aversion : interactions of dopaminergic and interpeduncular circuits
No full textLe tabagisme concerne un milliard de personnes à travers le monde et est à l’origine de plus de 8 millions de décès par an. La nicotine, principal composé actif du tabac, agit sur le système nerveux par l’intermédiaire des récepteurs nicotiniques de l'acétylcholine (nAChR). Il existe dans le cerveau 12 gènes (α2 à 10 et β2 à 4) codant les sous-unités des nAChR. Celles-ci s’assemblent en un répertoire très riche de récepteurs aux propriétés et fonctions variées. En se liant sur ces différents nAChR, la nicotine génère à la fois des effets récompensants, qui vont promouvoir la consommation de drogue, et des effets aversifs qui vont à l’inverse la limiter. Cette compétition entre propriétés antagonistes semble distribuée au sein de deux régions cérébrales séparées : l’aire tegmentale ventrale (VTA), contenant des neurones dopaminergiques moteurs dans le renforcement à la drogue, et le noyau interpédonculaire (IPN), une structure présentant une grande variété de nAChR et impliquée dans l’aversion. Bien que le rôle de la VTA dans l’addiction soit bien établi, l’action de la nicotine sur l’IPN et les éventuelles interactions entre ces deux acteurs restent à élucider. L'objectif de ce travail a ainsi été d'interroger le rôle de l’IPN, des nAChR qu’il exprime et de leur impact sur la VTA dans l’émergence des effets renforçants et aversifs de la nicotine. J’ai dans un premier temps étudié l’implication de ces circuits neuronaux dans le déclenchement d’un renforcement à la drogue, première étape menant l’individu à la dépendance. Pour cela, j’ai développé des outils permettant de contrôler in vivo l’activité de nAChR spécifiques. Ces nouvelles technologies m’ont permis de démontrer une hétérogénéité dans les réponses de l’IPN à la nicotine, qui est sous-tendue par des populations distinctes de nAChR. Mes résultats montrent en outre que l’IPN est engagé dès les faibles doses de nicotine et en atténue les effets neurophysiologiques sur la VTA et sur le renforcement à la drogue par l’intermédiaire des récepteurs β4. L’addiction induite par le renforcement est caractérisée par une perte de contrôle de la consommation, participant à une exposition répétée du système nerveux à la nicotine. La seconde partie de mon travail fut consacrée à étudier la manière dont l’IPN intervient dans ces comportements de consommation ainsi que les adaptations neurophysiologiques en résultant. Nous avons analysé les stratégies individuelles de consommation et isolé une population de souris développant une aversion à la drogue. Nos résultats montrent que l’efficacité de la transmission nicotinique dans l’IPN, dépendante des récepteurs β4, participe au déclenchement de cette aversion. Une exposition chronique à la nicotine, quant à elle, réduit à la fois la réponse à la nicotine dans l’IPN et le niveau d’aversion à la drogue, favorisant ainsi sa consommation. Ces travaux font émerger l’IPN et les récepteurs β4 qu’il exprime comme des acteurs majeurs dans l’addiction, jouant le rôle de frein à la consommation de nicotine et à la mise en place du renforcement. Ils mettent également en lumière la communication entre les circuits de la récompense et de l’aversion dans l’émergence d’une balance entre ces propriétés antagonistes de la nicotine.Tobacco use affects one billion people worldwide and results in over 8 million deaths every year. Nicotine, the main active compound in tobacco, acts on the nervous system through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). There are 12 genes in the brain (α2 to 10 and β2 to 4) encoding nAChR subunits. These subunits assemble into a wide array of receptors with diverse properties and functions. Upon binding to these different nAChRs, nicotine produces both rewarding and aversive effects, which promote and reduce drug intake, respectively. Such competition between antagonistic properties appears to be distributed within two separate brain regions: the ventral tegmental area (VTA), home to dopaminergic neurons driving drug reinforcement, and the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), a structure containing a large variety of nAChRs which is involved in aversion. While the relevance of the VTA in addictive behavior is well established, the action of nicotine on the IPN and the potential interactions between these two structures remain to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the IPN, its nAChRs and their impact on the VTA in the emergence of the reinforcing and aversive effects of nicotine. I first examined the involvement of these neural circuits in the onset of drug reinforcement, the first step towards addiction. To this end, I developed new tools for controlling the activity of specific nAChRs in vivo. These novel technologies revealed heterogeneous responses of the IPN to nicotine, driven by distinct nAChR populations. Our findings further reveal that the IPN is engaged at low doses of nicotine and blunts the neurophysiological effects on the VTA and on drug reinforcement through β4 receptors. Addiction driven by reinforcement is characterized by the loss of control over drug consumption, contributing to repeated exposure of the nervous system to nicotine. A second part of my work was devoted to studying the role of the IPN in intake behavior and the resulting neurophysiological adaptations. We analyzed individual consumption strategies and identified a population of mice developing aversion to the drug. Our results show that the efficiency of nicotinic transmission in the IPN, mediated by β4 receptors, is involved in triggering this aversion. Chronic exposure to nicotine reduces both the response to nicotine in the IPN and the level of aversion to the drug, thus facilitating its use. This work points to the IPN and its β4 receptors as key players in nicotine addiction, acting as a brake on intake and the development of drug reinforcement. Our results highlight how reward and aversion circuits interact in the emergence of a balance between the antagonistic properties of nicotine
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