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Subcutaneous calcifications in legs with chronic venous diseases
No full textThe morphology of subcutaneous calcifications in leg with venous insufficiency are described.
Background
Calcifications in the subcutaneous layer (SCL) have been described by radiographic studies of legs with advanced chronic venous disease (CVD). However, SCL calcifications have rarely been included among the CVD-related changes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and morphology of SCL calcifications in legs with CVD of all grades of severity determined by ultrasound.
Methods
A total of 500 legs in 250 patients (148 women and 102 men; mean age, 51 years; range, 18-87 years) referred to our vascular clinic for symptoms and signs of CVD were included. After duplex ultrasound evaluation of the deep, superficial, and perforating veins, the skin and SCL were investigated using duplex ultrasound. Those patients with other possible causes of SCL calcification were excluded.
Results
Using the C component of the CEAP (clinical, etiologic, anatomic, pathophysiologic) classification, 43 legs were classified as C1, 189 as C2, 34 as C3, 16 as C4A, 45 as C4B or C, 18 as C5, and 16 as C6. Varicose veins were reported in 273 legs, and lipodermatosclerosis in 79 legs. Subcutaneous calcifications were demonstrated in 35 of 361 legs with CVD in two different locations: the wall of superficial varicose veins and in subcutaneous tissue unrelated to the path of the superficial veins. Superficial veins calcifications were found in 12 of 273 legs with varicose veins (4.4%) and were found in older patients with severe varicose vein disease (grade 3 using the venous clinical severity score and disease duration >30 years). Subcutaneous tissue calcifications (STCs) were found in 24 of 95 legs with a more advanced CVD stage (C4A-C6). No STCs were found in legs with a C1, C2, or C3 class.
Conclusions
Superficial veins calcifications were found only in the legs with severe and long-lasting varicose veins and seemed to be related to chronic severe inflammation of the venous wall. STCs were independent of the vein wall and were found only in the damaged areas of legs with severe CVD (C4-C6). STCs are possibly related to chronic inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue. Their avulsion from the ulcer bed has been recommended to facilitate ulcer healing and prevent recurrence.
Clinical Relevance
Calcification of the subcutaneous fat tissue or of the wall of varicose veins is easily demonstrated using ultrasound. These calcifications occur in legs with severe and long-lasting chronic venous insufficiency or varicose disease. Their avulsion is recommended when found in the ulcer bed or borders. Further studies are necessary to define their prognostic significance and other possible clinical implications
Effects of underwater exercise on venous return
No full textThe effects of water immersion on venous return are discussed
The feasibility of underwater computerised strain gauge plethysmography and the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the leg venous haemodynamics
Full text linkBackground: Strain gauge plethysmography (SGP) is employed to evaluate venous drainage of the lower leg.
Methods: In this study, SGP was used to evaluate the effects of the hydrostatic pressure (HP) of water on venous
volume (VV), expelled volume, and ejection fraction (EF) in 22 healthy legs before and during immersion in water.
Results: HP reduced VV by 100% and even more during underwater (UW) exercise, making calculation of the UW
EF possible.
Discussion: UW SGP is feasible and indicates that HP improves venous haemodynamics. This study suggests that
including UW leg exercise in the rehabilitation protocols of patients with chronic venous disease may be useful.
Keywords: Strain gauge plethysmography, Underwater compression, Underwater ejection fraction, Underwater
venous volume.
2020 The Aut
Chronic venous disease - Part I: Inflammatory biomarkers in wound healing
Full text linkVenous leg ulcers (VLUs) produce wound fluid (WF), as a result of inflammatory processes within the wound. It is unclear if WF from different healing phases of VLU has a peculiar biochemical profile and how VLU microenvironment affects the wound healing mechanisms. This study was conducted to evaluate the cytokine/chemokine profiles in WF from distinct VLU phases, in WF- and LPS-stimulated monocytes and treated with glycosaminoglycan Sulodexide, a therapeutic option for VLU healing. WF and plasma were collected from patients with VLU during active inflammatory (Infl) and granulating (Gran) phases. Demographics, clinical characteristics and pain measurements were evaluated. WF, plasma, and THP-1 supernatants were analyzed for 27 inflammatory mediators by multiplex immunoassay. Our results demonstrated that: 1) pain was significantly increased in patients with Infl compared to Gran VLU; 2) cytokine profile of Infl WF was found to be statistically different from that Gran WF, as well significantly increased respect to plasma; 3) LPS- and WF-stimulation of THP-1 cells significantly increased the expression of several cytokines compared to untreated cells; 4) Sulodexide treatment of both LPS- and WF-stimulated THP-1 monocytes was able to significantly down-regulate the release of peculiar inflammatory mediators. Our study highlighted the importance to understand biomolecular processes underlying CVI when providing treatment for chronic VLU. Identification of inflammatory biomarkers in leg ulcer microenvironment, may provide useful tools for predicting healing outcome and developing targeted therapies
Chronic venous disease - Part II: Proteolytic biomarkers in wound healing
Full text linkVenous leg ulcers (VLU) are characterized by sustained proteolytic microenvironment impairing the healing process. Wound fluid (WF) reflect the biomolecular activities occurring within the wound area; however, it is unclear if WF from different healing phases have different proteolytic profiles and how VLU microenvironment affects the wound healing mechanisms. We investigated the proteolytic network of WF from distinct VLU phases, and in WF- and LPS-stimulated THP-1 monocytes treated with glycosaminoglycan sulodexide, a well known therapeutic approach for VLU healing. WF were collected from patients with VLU during inflammatory (Infl) and granulating (Gran) phases. WF and THP-1 supernatants were analyzed for nine matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and four tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) by multiplex immunoassays. Our results demonstrated that: 1) WF from Infl VLU contained significantly increased concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-12, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 compared to Gran WF; 2) WF from Gran VLU showed significantly increased levels of MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-13, and TIMP-4 compared to Infl WF; 3) LPS- and WF-stimulation of THP-1 cells significantly increased the expression of several MMP compared to untreated cells; 4) Sulodexide treatment of both LPS- and WF-stimulated THP-1 significantly down-regulated the release of several MMPs. Our study provides evidence-based medicine during treatment of patients with VLU. WF from Infl and Gran VLU have different MMP and TIMP signatures, consistent with their clinical state. The modulation of proteolytic pathways in wound microenvironment by glycosaminoglycan sulodexide, provide insights for translating research into clinical practice during VLU therapy
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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